Comparative toxicities of four benzophenone ultraviolet filters to two life stages of two coral species

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

“…Some active ingredients in UV sunscreens are toxic to corals, such as ethylhexylmethoxy-cinnamate (also known as octinoxate), octocrylene and benzophenones. Effects include mortality and bleaching (loss of symbiotic algae) in adult corals [ 277 ] and arrested development or mortality in their larvae [ 278 ]. These compounds also accumulated in coral tissues, but exposure concentrations (~ 0.5–3.5 parts per million) were substantially higher than found in most natural systems.…”

Toxicity of UV filters on marine bacteria: Combined effects with damaging solar radiation

“…UV filters are of emerging concern due to their large production volumes, the increasing coastal tourism, their persistence related to their chemical properties, and their toxicity (Raineri et al, 2017). Previous studies reported the occurrence of UV filters ranging from nano to microgram per liter in different biotopes (rivers (Kameda et al, 2011;Fent et al, 2010), lakes (Balmer et al, 2005;Fagervold et al, 2019;Langford et al, 2015), coastal waters (Fagervold et al, 2019;Tovar-Sánchez et al, 2013;Apel et al, 2018;Sánchez Rodríguez et al, 2015;Tsui et al, 2019;Sankoda et al, 2015) and sediments (Kameda et al, 2011;Fagervold et al, 2019;Mitchelmore et al, 2019)) but also demonstrated their bioaccumulation and toxic effects on several aquatic organisms (algae (Mao et al, 2018;Seoane et al, 2017), coral (Mitchelmore et al, 2019;He et al, 2019;Tsui et al, 2017), benthic mollusks (Giraldo, 2017), fishes (Araújo et al, 2018), dolphin (Alonso et al, 2015;Gago-Ferrero et al, 2013)), considering a wide variety of toxicological endpoints. Organic UV filters showed variable photostability.…”

Achteruitgang koraalriffen Caribisch Nederland: oorzaken en mogelijke oplossingen voor koraalherstel

“…Recent is ook aangetoond dat afbraakproducten van oxybezone voor koraal schadelijker kunnen zijn dan de oorspronkelijke stof (He et al, 2019).…”