Comparative use of faecal egg count reduction test, egg hatch assay and beta-tubulin codon 200 genotyping in small strongyles (cyathostominae) before and after benzimidazole treatment

Samson‐Himmelstjerna, Georg von; Witzendorff, C. von; Sievers, G; Schnieder, Thomas

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00197-8

Cited by 48 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These results are similar to those observed by Varady et al (1995), although other authors have obtained less conclusive results (Craven et al 1999;Samson-Himmelstjerna et al 2002). All of these, together with the fact that EHA is a cheaper and faster method than FECRT, make EHA an ideal technique for routine diagnosis or following-up AR against benzimidazoles in field studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep farms in Northwest Spain

et al. 2006

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A survey to determine the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep against the three main families of anthelmintics (benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones and imidazothiazoles) was carried out from January 1999 to December 2003 involving 85 flocks in Northwest (NW) Spain. In the study on prevalence of resistance to benzimidazoles, faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) showed there was resistance in 8 (12.7%) flocks, 1 (1.6%) was suspected, and 54 (85.7%) were susceptible. The results indicated that 9 flocks (34.61%) showed resistance, 1 (3.85%) showed suspected resistance, and 16 (61.54%) were susceptible to the imidazothiazoles. Against macrocyclic lactones, resistance was observed in 8 flocks (15.69%), 4 (7.84%) showed suspected resistance and 39 (76.47%) were susceptible. None of the flocks used in the study showed resistance to the three families of anthelmintics. Nevertheless, six were recorded as resistant or suspected of being resistant to two of these families of anthelmintics. Egg hatch assay (EHA) and FECRT were carried out jointly on 61 flocks, although EHA was done on a total of 83 farms. The results showed that 15 (18.07%) of the 83 flocks were resistant, with egg death 50 over 0.1 microg/ml thiabendazole, and 68 (81.93%) were susceptible to benzimidazoles. When the results between FECRT and EHA were compared, both techniques showed good correlation in field studies. Faecal cultures performed pre- and post-treatment indicated that Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus were the main genera.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep farms in Northwest Spain

et al. 2006

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“…The usefulness of the EHT for field testing is supported by data demonstrating agreement between results obtained by this in vitro method with those of the most frequently applied in vivo test. The EC 50 results obtained with the EHT have been compared with the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT; Craven et al 1999;Johansen and Waller 1989;von Samson-Himmelstjerna et al 2002b), the larval development test (Craven et al 1999;Várady and Čorba 1999;Königová et al 2003), and the tubulin-binding assay (Johansen and Waller 1989). In field trials, the majority of FECRTs positive for benzimidazole resistance were also positive using the EHT (Várady et al 2006;Maingi et al 1998;Wirtherle et al 2004); however, the results did not correlate well in all studies published (Craven et al 1999;Maingi et al 1998;Königová et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More than 50 reports have been published using the EHT for the detection of either BZ or levamisole resistance in trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep and goats (e.g., Boersema et al 1987;Dobson et al 1986;Ghisi et al 2006;Hoekstra et al 1997;Hunt and Taylor 1989;Johansen and Waller 1989;Martin et al 1989;Várady et al 2006), cattle (e.g., Borgsteede et al 1992;Jackson et al 1987), horses (e.g., Ullrich et al 1988;Ihler and Bjorn 1996;von Samson-Himmelstjerna et al 2002b;Várady et al 2000;Whitlock et al 1980;Wirtherle et al 2004), pigs (e.g., Várady et al 1996), and humans (e.g., DeClerq et al 1997;Albonico et al 2005). However, to date no standardized EHT protocol for which data on the repeatability of data generated within laboratories and reproducibility of results between laboratories has been published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardization of the egg hatch test for the detection of benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes

et al. 2009

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The ability to reliably detect anthelmintic resistance is a crucial part of resistance management. If data between countries are to be compared, the same test should give the same results in each laboratory. As the egg hatch test for benzimidazole resistance is used for both research and surveys, the ability of different laboratories to obtain similar results was studied through testing of known isolates of cyathostomins, Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, and Cooperia oncophora in programs supported by the EU (Cost B16 and FP6-PARASOL).

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“…One report suggested that the mutation at codon 200, which is associated with BZ resistance in ruminant nematodes, may not be responsible for BZ resistance in cyathostomins [55]. PCR was used to assess allele frequencies in single larvae (pre-and 66 days post-treatment), in susceptible and resistant BZ populations [56]. A general trend toward higher percentages of phe/tyr and tyr/tyr individuals was observed following treatment, however no statistically significant difference was found between these two genotypes and the phe/phe genotype percentages [56].…”

Section: Cyathostomin Anthelmintic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCR was used to assess allele frequencies in single larvae (pre-and 66 days post-treatment), in susceptible and resistant BZ populations [56]. A general trend toward higher percentages of phe/tyr and tyr/tyr individuals was observed following treatment, however no statistically significant difference was found between these two genotypes and the phe/phe genotype percentages [56]. However, a positive correlation was observed between the faecal egg count reduction test results and the phe/phe percentages.…”

Section: Cyathostomin Anthelmintic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in research into the Cyathostominae and Anoplocephala perfoliata

et al. 2004

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-Intestinal helminths are an important cause of equine disease. Of these parasites, the Cyathostominae are the commonest group that infect horses. These nematodes consist of a complex tribe of 51 species, although individual horses tend to harbour 10 or so common species, in addition to a few rarer species. The Cyathostominae can be extremely pathogenic, and high levels of infection result in clinical symptoms ranging from chronic weight loss to colic, diarrhoea and death. As part of their life cycle, immature cyathostomins penetrate the large intestinal wall, where they can enter a state of inhibited larval development. These larvae can exist in this state for months to years, after which they subsequently re-emerge. If larvae re-emerge in large numbers (i.e. several million), severe pathological consequences ensue. The inhibited larvae are also relatively refractory to several of the currently available anthelmintics, so that horses treated previously with anthelmintics can still carry life-threatening burdens of these parasitic stages. Little is known about the cyathostomin larvae during their mucosal phase, and current research efforts are focused on investigating the biology of these stages. Much of the research described here highlights this area of research and details studies aimed at investigating the host immune responses that the mucosal larvae invoke. As part of this research effort, molecular tools have been developed to facilitate the identification of larval and egg stages of cyathostomins. These molecular tools are now proving very useful in the investigation of the relative contributions that individual, common cyathostomin species make to the pathology and epidemiology of mixed helminth infections. At the more applied level, research is also in progress to develop an immunodiagnostic test that will allow numbers of mucosal larvae to be estimated. This test utilises antigen-specific IgG(T) serum antibody responses as markers of infection. As anthelmintic resistance will be the major constraint on the future control of the Cyathostominae, researchers are now actively investigating this area and studies aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance are described. Another parasite which has assumed a clinically important role in horses is the tapeworm, Anoplocephala perfoliata. This parasite is prevalent world-wide and has been shown to be a significant cause of equine colic. Because previous methods of estimating the infection intensity of tapeworm were inaccurate, recent research has been directed at developing an immunodiagnostic ELISA for these cestodes. Specific IgG(T) responses to antigens secreted by adult tapeworms have been shown to provide a reasonable indication of infection intensity. An ELISA based on these responses is now commercially available. The steps involved in the development of this ELISA are described here. In addition to these recent advances in research, this review also outlines the principle areas for future research into these important equin...

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Comparative use of faecal egg count reduction test, egg hatch assay and beta-tubulin codon 200 genotyping in small strongyles (cyathostominae) before and after benzimidazole treatment

Cited by 48 publications

References 27 publications

Anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep farms in Northwest Spain

Anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep farms in Northwest Spain

Standardization of the egg hatch test for the detection of benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes

Recent developments in research into the Cyathostominae and Anoplocephala perfoliata

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