“…Entrenched fossil fuel interests, technologies and infrastructure, as well as existing institutions, norms or even geopolitical considerations-as is the case with China's Belt and Road Initiative-can constrain the pace of the high-carbon transition (Huang, 2016;Saha, 2020;Seto et al, 2016;Sovacool, 2017;Unruh, 2000). Empirical research on this 'carbon lock-in' effect has focussed on a variety of sectors, including transportation (Mattioli et al, 2020;Meckling & Nahm, 2019), petrochemicals (Janipour et al 2020) and power generation (Brauers et al, 2020;Rentier et al, 2019;Trencher et al, 2020). It has also spanned different geographies in the Global North (Carley, 2011;Kraushaar-Friesen & Bush, 2020;Rentier et al, 2019) and the Global South (Strambo et al, 2020).…”