Comparing Contingent Valuation and Averting Expenditure Estimates of the Costs of Irregular Water Supply

Orgill‐Meyer, Jennifer; Jeuland, Marc; Albert, Jeff; Cutler, Nathan

doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.10.016

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In Russia, high-rise construction has not yet become as widespread as in the west, but nevertheless is developing actively. This is confirmed by a number of completed projects in Russian cities [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Formation of costs of high-rise objects of housing and civil purpose based on enlarged norms

2018

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When determining the cost of capital construction objects, for purposes of pre-design workings out and purposes of initial maximum initial price determination on tenders, construction price norms are used (CPNs). Modern CPNs are not designed to determine the value of high-rise buildings. It is necessary to adapt modern CPNs to get opportunity for the possibility to take into account special cost factors in determining the cost of high-rise buildings. The main ways can be: selection of new representative objects or application of additional correction factors.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Formation of costs of high-rise objects of housing and civil purpose based on enlarged norms

2018

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“…This would decrease their billed consumption from the networked system but perhaps not reduce their total use of scarce water resources. This type of private self‐supply among middle‐ and high‐income customers is common in many cities in low‐income countries (Gurung et al., 2017; Orgill‐Meyer et al., 2018; Pattanayak et al., 2005; Strand & Walker, 2005) and can lead to a downward spiral where poor service quality (including reliability) leads households to rely more on expensive self‐supply options like tanker deliveries or boreholes, starving the utility of revenue needed to maintain the piped network, and driving more households to use off‐network supplies. The Cape Town survey (Jack et al., 2019) found that, although middle‐ and high‐income households in Cape Town did invest in additional infrastructure, most of their water reductions likely came through behavioral changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributional Statistics of Municipal Water Use During Cape Town's Drought: Implications for Affordability, Conservation, and Tariffs

Cook

Brühl

Visser

2021

Water Resources Research

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Municipal water utilities around the globe face a daunting set of challenges. In high-income countries, they must maintain piped networks that deliver high quality, reliable water supply to homes and remove household waste via piped sewerage networks. In most cities in low-and middle-income countries, they must improve the quality and reliability of services, connect households to the network, and plan for large population influxes. Utilities need financial resources to attack these problems, but tariffs in many places are too low: only 35% of utilities in the World Bank's International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities database collect enough revenue to cover operations and maintenance costs, and only 14% collect enough to cover the full economic cost of service provision, including the cost of capital (Andres et al., 2019). Support for tariff reforms, however, depends on effectively protecting poor customers. Furthermore, "affordability" is explicitly mentioned in many of the Sustainable Development Goals, including access to "affordable" housing, energy, health care and water and sanitation services. A common policy prescription among water tariff consultants is to balance the objectives of affordability, efficiency and revenue stability with increasing-block tariffs, where the marginal price of water increases with increasing use. Because it is assumed that the highest water users are also the wealthiest, it is commonly believed that this tariff can in theory redirect revenue from wealthier households and cross-subsidize lower rates for low-income households, who are assumed to use less water. In practice, these tariff policies have been shown to do a poor job of directing subsidies to the poor in many low-income countries, in part because the correlation between income and water use is weaker than commonly believed (Burger & Jansen, 2014;Fuente et al., 2016). Utilities are increasingly experimenting with other types of "customer assistance programs" to help the poor (Cook et al., 2020). These include providing a free or subsidized "lifeline" quantity of water to poor customers, a policy that many cities in South Africa have employed as part of the country's Free Basic Water program (

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“…Inhabitants of these cities have considerably lower income than those in neighboring Amman. Water supply is highly rationed; both households and businesses experience burdensome and routine water shortages and received water for only about 24 hours a week prior to the infrastructure improvements, in 2015 [Orgill-Meyer et al, 2018]. In addition, though more than 99% of households have access to piped water, only about 70% had sewer connections prior to the new investments, and nearly 30% were thought to consume less than the minimum amount of water that the World Health Organization considers necessary (60L/capita-day) for personal hygiene and food safety [MCC, 2009].…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact evaluation of water infrastructure investments: Methods, challenges and demonstration from a large-scale urban improvement in Jordan

Jeuland

Orgill‐Meyer

Morgan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Impact evaluation (IE) of large infrastructure presents numerous challenges, and investments in urban piped water and sanitation are no exception. Here we present methods for more systematic assessment of the implications of such interventions, discussing tradeoffs between validity, relevance and practicality that arise from alternative approaches. Then, to more clearly illustrate the many issues that typically arise in such IEs, we draw on an example application in Zarqa, Jordan, where the Millennium Challenge Corporation invested about US$275 million to upgrade and extend piped water and sewer networks, as well as increase the capacity of the country's largest wastewater treatment plant. The theory of change for the intervention took a systems view of impacts: the project aimed to improve water supply to urban areas while maintaining flows to irrigators through enhanced wastewater reuse. The case adds valuable evidence on the impacts of large infrastructure investments and illustrates well the challenges of capturing spillovers, mitigating study contamination, maintaining statistical power, and determining overall welfare effects, in situations involving diverse market and nonmarket impacts. These limitations notwithstanding, the case highlights the high value of conducting IEs, and why applied researchers should not give up on pragmatic and interdisciplinary collaborations to evaluation in the face of complex interventions.

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Comparing Contingent Valuation and Averting Expenditure Estimates of the Costs of Irregular Water Supply

Cited by 34 publications

References 35 publications

Formation of costs of high-rise objects of housing and civil purpose based on enlarged norms

Formation of costs of high-rise objects of housing and civil purpose based on enlarged norms

Distributional Statistics of Municipal Water Use During Cape Town's Drought: Implications for Affordability, Conservation, and Tariffs

Impact evaluation of water infrastructure investments: Methods, challenges and demonstration from a large-scale urban improvement in Jordan

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