Comparing damage from low-velocity impact and quasi-static indentation in automotive carbon/epoxy and glass/polyamide-6 laminates

Spronk, Siebe; Kersemans, Mathias; Baerdemaeker, J.C.A. De; Gilabert, F.A.; Sevenois, Ruben; Garoz, D.; Kassapoglou, Christos; Paepegem, Wim Van

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.11.023

Cited by 55 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Nettles and Douglas [11] and Lee and Zahuta [13] also state that these two tests induce similar failure mechanism, with very similar damages and force × displacement curves, for carbon/epoxy composites. On the contrary, Lawrence et al [14] and Spronk et al [15] reported different damages and curves from QSI and drop-weight tests for glass-S2/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and glass/polyamide composites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Quasi-Static Indentation and Low-Velocity Impact Response of Aramid/Epoxy Composites

Nunes¹,

Reichwald²,

Júnior³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 4th Brazilian Conference on Composite Materials

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In applications that require impact loading, polymeric matrix composites reinforced with aramid fibers stand out, especially in relation to metals, due to characteristics such as high specific strength and stiffness, which give rise to light high-performance systems. However, such structures can fail through various modes, requiring comprehensive studies. Under lowvelocity impact, the contact time between the impactor and the target is relatively large, and the effects of deformation rate and wave propagation are generally insignificant, allowing association of the damage caused in the composites via drop-weight (DW) to those of quasistatic indentation (QSI) tests, optimizing the overall material understanding. Thus, this work aims to comparatively analyze force × displacement curves and resulting damage from dropweight and QSI tests. For that, laminates (2.5, 4.5 and 7.0 mm thick) were tested using variable impact energies (15, 30, 45 and 60 J) and displacement (11, 12 and 15 mm). Similarities in force × displacement curves and damage mechanisms between QSI and DW results were observed at the perforating threshold. However, to compare the response of the material and the damage mechanism generated by QSI and Drop-weight tests in composites, care must be taken, since there are many variables involved and the response of the composites to these tests will depend on such variables.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Quasi-Static Indentation and Low-Velocity Impact Response of Aramid/Epoxy Composites

Nunes¹,

Reichwald²,

Júnior³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 4th Brazilian Conference on Composite Materials

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“…Both samples are shown in Figure 2 together with the corresponding C-scan amplitude and time-of-flight (TOF) images, showing the complex damage distribution at the impact location. The C-scan results are obtained in reflection mode using dynamic time gating [26]. A focused transducer at 5 MHz (H5M, General Electric) is employed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-plane local defect resonances for efficient vibrothermography of impacted carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP)

Segers

Hedayatrasa

Verboven

et al. 2019

NDT & E International

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It is well known that the efficiency of the vibrothermographic non-destructive testing (NDT) technique can be enhanced by taking advantage of local defect resonance (LDR) frequencies. Recently, the classical out-of-plane local defect resonance was extended towards in-plane LDR for enhanced efficiency of vibrometric NDT. This paper further couples the concept of this in-plane LDR to vibrothermography, on the basis of the promising potential of in-plane LDRs to enhance the rubbing (tangential) interaction and viscoelastic damping of defects. Carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRPs) with barely visible impact damage (BVID) are inspected and the significant contribution of in-plane LDRs in vibrational heating is demonstrated. Moreover, it is shown that the defect thermal contrast induced by in-plane LDRs is so high that it allows for easy detection of BVID by live monitoring of infrared thermal images during a single broadband sweep excitation. Thermal and vibrational spectra of the inspected surface are studied and the dominant contribution of in-plane LDR in vibration-induced heating is demonstrated.

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“…The impact event was done with a fully instrumented in-house developed drop tower with anti-rebound system (to prevent double hits), a 7.72 kg impactor with 16 mm impactor-tip was mounted. The measured impact energy was 6.3 J, resulting in barely visible impact damage for this type of composite [1]. In the remainder of the text, this sample is indicated with CFRPBVID (see Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A major drawback of composites is their sensitivity to internal damage features. Especially for carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminates, a small impact event could lead to large internal delaminations affecting the structural integrity [1]. To assure the structural performance of composite components, several non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques have been developed and implemented over the last decades [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Destructive Testing of Composites by Ultrasound, Local Defect Resonance and Thermography

Kersemans

Verboven

Segers

et al. 2018

The 18th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics

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E.V.); Joost.Segers@UGent.be (J.S.); Saeid.Hedayatrasa@UGent.be (S.H.); Wim.VanPaepegem@UGent.be (W.V.P.) 2 SIM Program M3 DETECT-IV, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 935, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, BelgiumAbstract: Different non-destructive testing techniques have been evaluated for detecting and assessing damage in carbon fiber reinforced plastics: (i) ultrasonic C-scan, (ii) local defect resonance of front/back surface and (iii) lock-in infrared thermography in reflection. Both artificial defects (flat bottom holes and inserts) and impact damage (barely visible impact damage) have been considered. The ultrasonic C-scans in reflection shows good performance in detecting the defects and in assessing actual defect parameters (e.g., size and depth), but it requires long scanning procedures and water coupling. The local defect resonance technique shows acceptable defect detectability, but has difficulty in extracting actual defect parameters without a priori knowledge. The thermographic inspection is by far the fastest technique, and shows good detectability of shallow defects (depth < 2 mm). Lateral sizing of shallow damage is also possible. The inspection of deeper defects (depth > 3-4 mm) in reflection is problematic and requires advanced post-processing approaches in order to improve the defect contrast to detectable limits.

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Comparing damage from low-velocity impact and quasi-static indentation in automotive carbon/epoxy and glass/polyamide-6 laminates

Cited by 55 publications

References 18 publications

Quasi-Static Indentation and Low-Velocity Impact Response of Aramid/Epoxy Composites

Quasi-Static Indentation and Low-Velocity Impact Response of Aramid/Epoxy Composites

In-plane local defect resonances for efficient vibrothermography of impacted carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP)

Non-Destructive Testing of Composites by Ultrasound, Local Defect Resonance and Thermography

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