Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a potentially valuable tool to noninvasively assess ventricular function in children with cardiac disorders, which could help in the early detection of abnormalities in muscle characteristics. Initial experiments demonstrated the potential of this technique in measuring ventricular stiffness; however, its performance remains to be validated as complicated shear wave (SW) propagation characteristics are expected to arise due to the complex non-homogenous structure of the myocardium. In this work, we investigated the (i) accuracy of different shear modulus estimation techniques (time-of-flight (TOF) method and phase velocity analysis) across myocardial thickness and (ii) effect of the ventricular geometry, surroundings, acoustic loading, and material viscoelasticity on SW physics. A generic pediatric (10-15-year old) left ventricular model was studied numerically and experimentally. For the SWE experiments, a polyvinylalcohol replicate of the cardiac geometry was fabricated and SW acquisitions were performed on different ventricular areas using varying probe orientations. Additionally, the phantom's stiffness was obtained via mechanical tests. The results of the SWE experiments revealed the following trends for stiffness estimation across the phantom's thickness: a slight stiffness overestimation for phase speed analysis and a clear stiffness underestimation for the TOF method for all acquisitions. The computational model provided valuable 3-D insights in the physical factors influencing SW patterns, especially the surroundings (water), interface force, and viscoelasticity. In conclusion, this paper presents a validation study of two commonly used shear modulus estimators for different ventricular locations and the essential role of SW modeling in understanding SW physics in the pediatric myocardium.

Within the field of composite manufacturing simulations, it is well known that the bending behavior of fabrics and prepregs has a significant influence on the drapeability and final geometry of a composite part. Due to sliding between reinforcements within a fabric, the bending properties cannot be determined from in-plane properties and a separate test is required. The Peirce cantilever test represents a popular way of determining the flexural rigidity for these materials, and is the preferred method in the ASTM D1388 standard. This work illustrates the severe inaccuracies (up to 72% error) in the current ASTM D1388 standard as well as the original formulation by Peirce, caused by ignoring higher-order effects. A modified approach accounting for higher-order effects and yielding significantly improved accuracy is presented. The method is validated using finite element simulations and experimental testing. Since no independent tests other than the ASTM D1388 standard are available to determine the bending stiffness of fabric materials, experimental validation is performed on an isotropic, homogeneous Upilex-50S foil for which the flexural rigidity and tensile stiffness are related. The flexural rigidity and elastic modulus are determined through both the cantilever test (ASTM D1388) and tensile testing. The results show that the proposed method measures an elastic modulus close to that determined through tensile testing (within 1%), while both the Peirce formulation (+18%) and ASTM standard (+72%) over-estimate the elastic modulus. The proposed methodology allows for a more accurate determination of flexural rigidity, and enables the more accurate simulation of composite forming processes

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This work presents an in-depth study on the mechanical behavior of selective laser sintered (SLS) nylon (PA-12). The entire visco-elasto-plastic response is determined based on experimental data obtained through tensile, compression, shear and relaxation testing. In addition, ultrasonic non-destructive testing is proposed as an alternative to conventional testing for the derivation of the elastic properties of this material. An isotropic elastic behavior was observed, while a clear orthotropic and non-linear response was found for both the plastic curves and the relaxation behavior. Strength data suggests laser sintered PA-12 will fail in tension rather than in shear. The ultrasonic tests correspond well to conventional tensile data (at high rates), and represent a cost-effective alternative to extensive conventional tensile testing. The presented test data can potentially be used to derive a detailed material model suitable for modelling static, fatigue and impact applications using 3D printed PA-12

The results of a low-velocity impact programme on both carbon/epoxy and glass/polyamide-6 composite laminates are compared to the results of quasi-static indentation. Cross-ply and quasiisotropic stacking sequences are impacted and quasi-static indentation tests are performed up to the same maximum displacement. The response of the laminates to both test methods is compared in terms of force-displacement behaviour, dissipated energy and resulting damage. Significant differences between low-velocity impact and quasi-static indentation are found for both material systems. It is therefore concluded that the test methods cannot be interchanged for material characterisation.