“…Proponents of the model contend that it is appropriate because many students are attracted to the helping professions because of their own problems (Maeder, 1989;Miller, 1981;Rascusin, Abramowitz, & Winter, 1981;Rippere & Williams, 1986;Warkintin, 1963). They cite studies that counseling students are less healthy than other graduate students or other normative populations, on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) clinical scales (Bud win, 1977;Phillips, 1970;White, 1989);in overinvolvement of children in spousal relationships (Lawson & Gaushell, 1991);and in dysfunction in their families of origin (Buelow, Bass, & Ackerman, 1994). They also cite research that indicates that family-of-origin problems are correlated with greater effectiveness of counseling students (Watts, Trusty, Canada, & Harvill, 1995;Wilcoxon, Walker, & Hovestadt;Wittmer, Sword, & Loesch, 1973).…”