Comparing measurements for emotion evoked by oral care products

Chen, Yue; Gao, Qin; Lv, Qiaolu; Qie, Nan; Ma, Liang

doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2018.02.013

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Although the SAM has been validated in several studies, it has also been acknowledged that it has some serious drawbacks. First, although its graphical representation of the valence dimension appears quite intuitive, the way in which the dominance dimension is depicted appears much harder to understand, while the arousal dimension (depicted as an "explosion" in the stomach area) can be misinterpreted (Broekens and Brinkman, 2013;Betella and Verschure, 2016;Chen et al, 2018;Toet et al, 2018). Second, users need to respond to each of the affective dimensions separately and consecutively.…”

Section: The Emojigridmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Immersive Self-Report Tool for the Affective Appraisal of 360° VR Videos

Toet

Heijn

Brouwer

et al. 2020

Front. Virtual Real.

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Section: The Emojigridmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Immersive Self-Report Tool for the Affective Appraisal of 360° VR Videos

Toet

Heijn

Brouwer

et al. 2020

Front. Virtual Real.

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“…The EmojiGrid may also be a useful tool to evaluate other affective stimuli such as photographs, paintings, music, smells, and tactile signals, etc. In consumer research, the EmojiGrid can also be used to assess the emotional response to for instance oral care products ( Chen et al, 2018 ), fragrances ( Churchill and Behan, 2010 ), fabrics ( Wu et al, 2011 ), affective ambiences or servicescapes ( Kuijsters et al, 2015 ), etc.…”

Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially children have difficulties understanding the SAM ( Yusoff et al, 2013 ; Hayashi et al, 2016 ). While the valence dimension of the SAM is quite intuitive (depicted as the figure’s facial expression going from a frown to a smile), the dominance dimension (depicted as the size of the figure) is much harder to explain, and the arousal dimension (depicted as an “explosion” in the stomach area) is often misinterpreted ( Broekens and Brinkman, 2013 ; Betella and Verschure, 2016 ; Chen et al, 2018 ). Second, the method still requires a successive assessment of the stimulus on multiple dimensions separately.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EmojiGrid: A 2D Pictorial Scale for the Assessment of Food Elicited Emotions

et al. 2018

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Research on food experience is typically challenged by the way questions are worded. We therefore developed the EmojiGrid: a graphical (language-independent) intuitive self-report tool to measure food-related valence and arousal. In a first experiment participants rated the valence and the arousing quality of 60 food images, using either the EmojiGrid or two independent visual analog scales (VAS). The valence ratings obtained with both tools strongly agree. However, the arousal ratings only agree for pleasant food items, but not for unpleasant ones. Furthermore, the results obtained with the EmojiGrid show the typical universal U-shaped relation between the mean valence and arousal that is commonly observed for a wide range of (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory) affective stimuli, while the VAS tool yields a positive linear association between valence and arousal. We hypothesized that this disagreement reflects a lack of proper understanding of the arousal concept in the VAS condition. In a second experiment we attempted to clarify the arousal concept by asking participants to rate the valence and intensity of the taste associated with the perceived food items. After this adjustment the VAS and EmojiGrid yielded similar valence and arousal ratings (both showing the universal U-shaped relation between the valence and arousal). A comparison with the results from the first experiment showed that VAS arousal ratings strongly depended on the actual wording used, while EmojiGrid ratings were not affected by the framing of the associated question. This suggests that the EmojiGrid is largely self-explaining and intuitive. To test this hypothesis, we performed a third experiment in which participants rated food images using the EmojiGrid without an associated question, and we compared the results to those of the first two experiments. The EmojiGrid ratings obtained in all three experiments closely agree. We conclude that the EmojiGrid appears to be a valid and intuitive affective self-report tool that does not rely on written instructions and that can efficiently be used to measure food-related emotions.

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“…Since no objective truth was available, we compared our present results with the normative ratings provided with the image databases that were also obtained with subjective rating methods that have their own limitations. For instance, the normative rating provided with the NAPS image database were collected using the SAM, which has important limitations, amongst others, because its dominance dimension is difficult to interpret, the arousal dimension is often misunderstood [11,45,46] and the valence and arousal ratings are assessed sequentially. Future studies using the EmojiGrid to measure the affective appraisal of perceived and experience emotions should, therefore, include physiological (objective) measures to obtain more objective reference data.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children especially tend to misunderstand the SAM [43,44]. While the SAM's valence dimension is quite intuitive (a facial expression going from a frown to a smile), its dominance dimension (represented by its size) is harder to interpret, and the arousal dimension (which looks like an 'explosion' in the figure's stomach) is often misunderstood [11,45,46]. Second, the SAM requires a successive assessment of valence and arousal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The EmojiGrid as a Tool to Assess Experienced and Perceived Emotions

Toet

Erp

2019

Psych

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In a recent study on food-evoked emotions, we observed that people often misunderstood the currently available affective self-report tools. We, therefore, developed a new intuitive and language-independent self-report instrument called the EmojiGrid: a rectangular response grid labeled with facial icons (emoji) that express different degrees of valence and arousal. We found that participants intuitively and reliably reported their affective appraisal of food by clicking on the EmojiGrid, even without verbal instructions. In this study, we investigated whether the EmojiGrid can also serve as a tool to assess one’s own (experienced) emotions and perceived emotions of others. In the first experiment, participants (N = 90) used the EmojiGrid to report their own emotions, evoked by affective images from a database with corresponding normative ratings (obtained with a 9-point self-assessment mannikin scale). In the second experiment, participants (N = 61) used the EmojiGrid to report the perceived emotional state of persons shown in different affective situations, in pictures from a database with corresponding normative ratings (obtained with a 7-point Likert scale). For both experiments, the affective (valence and arousal) ratings obtained with the EmojiGrid show excellent agreement with the data provided in the literature (intraclass correlations of at least 0.90). Also, the relation between valence and arousal shows the classic U-shape at the group level. Thus, the EmojiGrid appears to be a useful graphical self-report instrument for the assessment of evoked and perceived emotions.

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Comparing measurements for emotion evoked by oral care products

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

An Immersive Self-Report Tool for the Affective Appraisal of 360° VR Videos

An Immersive Self-Report Tool for the Affective Appraisal of 360° VR Videos

EmojiGrid: A 2D Pictorial Scale for the Assessment of Food Elicited Emotions

The EmojiGrid as a Tool to Assess Experienced and Perceived Emotions

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