Comparing Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber and Reinforced Concrete Walls

Bahrami, Alireza; Nexén, O.; Jönsson, Johan

doi:10.2478/ijame-2021-0033

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…When the building was completely modeled, different loads were considered in FEM as listed in Table 1. It is worth mentioning that FEM employed the structural self-weight of the building automatically (Bahrami et al, 2021b). Then, various load cases and load combinations were generated by FEM (Bahrami et al, 2021a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavior of cross-laminated timber and reinforced concrete floors in a multi-story building

Bahrami¹

2022

Int. j. adv. appl. sci.

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The behavior of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and reinforced concrete (RC) floors in a multi-story building is investigated in this paper. The load-bearing capacity, fire resistance, and sound insulation characteristics of the floors are the main focus of this research. In order to achieve this goal, a four-story building having RC floors is modeled, analyzed, and designed using the StruSoft FEM-Design software (FEM) following the Eurocodes and Swedish national annex. The building is considered to be in the city of Gävle in Sweden. Then, the RC floors of the building are replaced with the CLT floors, and the same process is done utilizing FEM. The utilization ratios (the ratios of the applied loads to the load-bearing capacities), vertical deflections, weights of the RC and CLT floors, and reaction forces of the buildings are evaluated and compared. The results show that the RC floors meet the deflection requirements well which contributes to the focus on their utilization ratios. The designed RC floors are acceptable from the vertical deflection and utilization ratio perspectives. However, the CLT floors cannot meet the vertical deflection requirements, and thus, need strengthening. The CLT floors are strengthened with supporting timber beams and columns which result in acceptable vertical deflections and utilization ratios. Fire resistance and sound insulation conditions of the RC and CLT floors are assessed by calculations based on the requirements of the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning regulations (BBR) as well. The RC floors have the ability to be soundproof and have no difficulties in meeting the fire resistance requirements R60 of BBR. A cross-section is proposed for the CLT floors which can meet the fire resistance requirement R60 and sound insulation requirement C of BBR. The maximum reaction forces of the buildings and total weights of the floors are larger in the case of RC than CLT.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavior of cross-laminated timber and reinforced concrete floors in a multi-story building

Bahrami¹

2022

Int. j. adv. appl. sci.

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“…The wind load was generated by the software and applied to the building. According to Bahrami et al [15][16][17], the loads were automatically combined by the software in order to find the most unfavourable combination. The finite elements with 9/6/3 nodes were adopted for the building.…”

Section: Finite Element Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Glulam and Reinforced Concrete Beams in Multi-Storey Building

Bahrami

Azizian

2022

Civil and Environmental Engineering

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This study assesses glulam and reinforced concrete (RC) beams in a multi-storey building in Gävle in Sweden. StruSoft FEM-Design software is used to conduct the current study. First, the building having the RC beams is modelled, analysed, and designed. Utilisation ratio, stress, weight, reaction force, stability, and deflection of the building are examined. It is concluded that the building can function well with RC beams. Then, the RC beams are replaced with glulam beams and the building is again analysed. It is revealed that larger cross-sections are needed for the replaced glulam beams in most of the spans compared with the RC beams in order for them to have acceptable results from the utilisation ratio viewpoint. However, for large spans of 8 m, a timber column is used in the mid-span for all the storeys as a strengthening alternative so that a shorter span for these glulam beams can be adopted which leads to acceptable results. Stresses of the RC and glulam beams are also evaluated. The building having the glulam beams is 23.79 % lighter than the building having the RC beams. The maximum reaction force of the building having the glulam beams is obtained 24.27 % lower than the building having the RC beams. Stability and deflection of the building in both cases are discussed as well.

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“…Additionally, CLT is mainly structural but can also be used as a facade material and a secondary building material, e.g., floor and non-structural walls [ 19 ]. In the literature, many studies focus on the technological aspects of EWPs, their use in construction, and different building solutions [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Several studies address wood as a structural material in buildings from the perspectives of key professionals (e.g., [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]) and consumers or residents (e.g., [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study on Life-Cycle Assessment and Carbon Footprint of Hybrid, Concrete and Timber Apartment Buildings in Finland

Rinne

Ilgın

Karjalainen

2022

IJERPH

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To date, in the literature, there has been no study on the comparison of hybrid (timber and concrete) buildings with counterparts made of timber and concrete as the most common construction materials, in terms of the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the carbon footprint. This paper examines the environmental impacts of a five-story hybrid apartment building compared to timber and reinforced concrete counterparts in whole-building life-cycle assessment using the software tool, One Click LCA, for the estimation of environmental impacts from building materials of assemblies, construction, and building end-of-life treatment of 50 years in Finland. Following EN 15978, stages of product and construction (A1–A5), use (B1–B6), end-of-life (C1–C4), and beyond the building life cycle (D) were assessed. The main findings highlighted are as following: (1) for A1–A3, the timber apartment had the smallest carbon footprint (28% less than the hybrid apartment); (2) in A4, the timber apartment had a much smaller carbon footprint (55% less than the hybrid apartment), and the hybrid apartment had a smaller carbon footprint (19%) than the concrete apartment; (3) for B1–B5, the carbon footprint of the timber apartment was larger (>20%); (4) in C1–C4, the carbon footprint of the concrete apartment had the lowest emissions (35,061 kg CO2-e), and the timber apartment had the highest (44,627 kg CO2-e), but in D, timber became the most advantageous material; (5) the share of life-cycle emissions from building services was very significant. Considering the environmental performance of hybrid construction as well as its other advantages over timber, wood-based hybrid solutions can lead to more rational use of wood, encouraging the development of more efficient buildings. In the long run, this will result in a higher proportion of wood in buildings, which will be beneficial for living conditions, the environment, and the society in general.

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Comparing Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber and Reinforced Concrete Walls

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

The behavior of cross-laminated timber and reinforced concrete floors in a multi-story building

The behavior of cross-laminated timber and reinforced concrete floors in a multi-story building

Assessment of Glulam and Reinforced Concrete Beams in Multi-Storey Building

Comparative Study on Life-Cycle Assessment and Carbon Footprint of Hybrid, Concrete and Timber Apartment Buildings in Finland

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