Comparing the Mass, Energy, and Cost Effects of Lightweighting in Conventional and Electric Passenger Vehicles

Hofer, Johannes; Wilhelm, Erik; Schenler, Warren

doi:10.13044/j.sdewes.2014.02.0023

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Hofer et al found that "light weighting has the potential to lower vehicle costs, however, the results are very sensitive to parameters affecting lifetime fuel costs for conventional and battery costs for electric vehicles." They found an optimum cost reduction for conventional and electric vehicles using a primary mass reduction of 22 % to 39 % (Hofer et al, 2014). The higher the fuel costs, the more cost effective vehicle mass reduction can be, since it increases efficiency during the use phase.…”

Section: Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical factors affecting life cycle assessments of material choice for vehicle mass reduction

Hottle

Caffrey

McDonald

et al. 2017

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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New greenhouse gas (GHG) standards for cars and light trucks are taking effect for model year 2017, progressing towards an anticipated sales-weighted average level of 173 g/mile C0 2 for model year 2025, and fuel economy standards increasing each year to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) target of 51.4 mpg fleet-wide by 2025 (for a projected vehicle sales mix). As a result, vehicle manufacturers are looking for solutions that can meet these goals without sacrificing marketable vehicle attributes (Nehuis et al., 2014;U.S. EPA, 2012aU.S. EPA, , 2014. Reducing mass enables vehicles to operate more efficiently during the use phase because energy demands (e.g., acceleration, rolling friction) on the powertrain are reduced. This reduction in mass can have major benefits on the total life-cycle impacts of vehicles because the current use phase accounts for 84-88% of the total life-cycle energy consumption and GFIG emissions for conventional light-duty vehicles. Comparatively, the manufacturing contributes approximately 4-7% of the energy consumption over the life of a light-duty vehicle (Keoleian and Sullivan, 2012;Mcauley, 2003; Sullivan and Cobas-Flores, 2001; Sullivan et al., 1998). Because of this dominant contribution of impacts from the use phase, mass reduction efforts and other use-phase efficiency measures provide an effective means to reduce the total life-cycle impacts. Flowever, the share of life-cycle impacts between the production and use phase for vehicles is likely to shift away from the use phase with increasing efficiency and with reduced light-duty vehicle GFIG emissions standards, as shown in the example comparison in Fig. 1

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Section: Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical factors affecting life cycle assessments of material choice for vehicle mass reduction

Hottle

Caffrey

McDonald

et al. 2017

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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show abstract

“…However, under the actual operating conditions of an EV, there are two major factors that influence the power requirement to ensure that the vehicle has a constant speed on the road, namely: The total weight of the passengers (the number of passengers transported varies the total weight of the vehicle) and the optimum pressure in tire (which influences the vehicle's rolling resistance). Research studies have shown that an important parameter of EVs that directly affects the range characteristics is their weight [20,[28][29][30], but these studies focused mainly on the effect of battery pack weight (depending on the technologies used in the electrochemical cell construction) and the type and complexity of the BMS and BTM (battery thermal management) systems. Future studies should also consider the fact that a load of 5 passengers on the electric vehicle leads to an increase of approximately 15-25% in its total mass.…”

Section: Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Electric Vehicle Range: A Comprehensive Review of Current Issues and Challenges

2019

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Electric vehicles (EV) are the immediate solution to drastically reducing pollutant emissions from the transport sector. There is a continuing increase in the number of EVs in use, but their widespread and massive acceptance by automotive consumers is related to the performance they can deliver. The most important feature here (a hot topic at present in EV research) is related to the possibility of providing a more accurate prediction of range. Range prediction is a complex problem because it depends on a lot of influence factors (internal, external, constant, variables) and the present paper aims to investigate the effect of these factors on the range of EVs. The results and aspects of current worldwide research on this theme are presented through the analysis of the main classes of influence factors: Vehicle design, the driver and the environment. Further, the weight and effect of each potential factor which influences EV range was analyzed by presenting current issues. An exhaustive and comprehensive analysis has made it possible to identify future research and development directions in the EV research field, resulting in massive future and immediate EV penetration in the automotive market.

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“…Structure light-weighting is especially important for non-stationary products such as automobiles, airplanes, and certain machine tool components in terms of reducing their use-stage impact (less energy is required for motion). Often in addition to the primary benefit of light-weighting (e.g., reducing vehicle mass by replacing cast iron with aluminum in an IC engine), there are "secondary effects" [28] that are created. For example, if the mass of a vehicle engine is reduced, then the vehicle chassis may also be light-weighted.…”

Section: Product Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Sustainability: Reviewing the Past and Envisioning the Future

Sutherland

Skerlos

Haapala

et al. 2020

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering

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Society's consumption of natural resources and the impact of industrial activities on the environment has gained increasing attention over the last several decades. This paper provides a historical perspective on the origins of the environmental movement and its connection to industrial systems. Then, recent research related to product design, process improvement and change, green manufacturing planning, and the circular economy are described. With respect to product design, topics such as material selection and component light-weighting are considered. For process-related research, efforts such as operation changes and equipment design for reduced energy consumption are discussed. For manufacturing planning, new developments in process planning and production scheduling are highlighted that consider environmental performance. The concept of circular economy is examined critically, with particular emphasis placed on closing materials loops via recycling and remanufacturing. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges and opportunities to achieve the goal of industrial sustainability.

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Comparing the Mass, Energy, and Cost Effects of Lightweighting in Conventional and Electric Passenger Vehicles

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Critical factors affecting life cycle assessments of material choice for vehicle mass reduction

Critical factors affecting life cycle assessments of material choice for vehicle mass reduction

Prediction of Electric Vehicle Range: A Comprehensive Review of Current Issues and Challenges

Industrial Sustainability: Reviewing the Past and Envisioning the Future

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