Comparison and Evaluation of Four Species of Macro-Algaes as Dietary Ingredients in Litopenaeus vannamei Under Normal Rearing and WSSV Challenge Conditions: Effect on Growth, Immune Response, and Intestinal Microbiota

Abstract

The study was conducted to compare and evaluate effects of four different macro-algaes on growth, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei. In the rearing trial 1, shrimp were fed five diets containing four sources of macro-algaes for 8 weeks, named D1 (without macro-algae), D2 (Porphyra haitanensis), D3 (Undaria pinnatifida), D4 (Saccharina japonica), and D5 (Gracilaria lemaneiformis), respectively. Growth performance of shrimp in D5 diet was significantly higher than that of shrimp fed the control and D4 diet (P < 0.05); however, there is no significant difference among D2, D3, and D5 diets (P > 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter from the D2, D3, and D5 diets were significantly higher than that from the control and D4 diets (P < 0.05). Supplementary macro-algaes enhanced hepatopancreas immunity through positively increasing total antioxidant status (TAS) and prophenoloxidase activity (ProPO), as well as up-regulating the hepatopancreas RNA expression of ProPO and IκBα and down-regulating the expression of transforming growth factor β. Furthermore, dietary macro-algaes modified intestinal microbiota of L. vannamei, boosting the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Bacillaceae, and decreasing those detrimental bacterial such as Gammaproteobacteria and Vibrionaceae. In the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge trial, shrimps were injected for 6-day after the rearing trial. On the fourth day, shrimp death started to occur, and the mortality in D2, D3, and D5 diets was significantly lower than that in control and SJ diets during 4–6 challenged days (P < 0.05). Dietary macro-algaes ameliorated hepatopancreas damage in L. vannamei by increasing TAS and ProPO activities and decreasing SOD activity, inhibiting the lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), as well as regulating the immune-related genes expression. Taken together, dietary macro-algaes availably relieved enterohepatic oxidative damage by improving antioxidant ability and immunity and regulated intestinal microbiota in L. vannamei. These results indicated that G. lemaneiformis is the most suitable macro-algae and then followed by U. pinnatifida and P. haitanensis as the feed ingredient for L. vannamei.

Inclusion of AmazonianMauritia flexuosafruit pulp as functional feed in the diet for the juvenile Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei

“…This study showed that the inclusion of M. flexuosa fruit pulp in the diet of L. vannamei had no effect on its growth performance and proximate composition of the muscle. Similar results have been reported by different authors who included plant sources in their experimental diets for L. vannamei, such as the macroalgae Saccharina japonica, Porphyra dioica, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Ulva lactuca and Undaria pinnatifida (Niu et al, 2019;Yang, Xie, Niu, Liu, & Tian, 2017;Yu et al, 2016) and soybean meal (Amaya, Davis, & Rouse, 2007;Sookying & Davis, 2011;Xie, Liu, Zeng, Niu, & Tian, 2016).…”

“…In recent years, the use of diets containing bioactive compound ingredients has gained prominence in L. vannamei aquaculture practices (Niu et al, ; Yang et al, ), with beneficial effects such as improvement in the immune system (Macias‐Sancho et al, ), resistance to temperature stress (Schleder et al, ), increased digestive capacity and greater resistance to white spot syndrome virus infection (Shelder et al, 2018), resistance to hypoxia stress condition (Pakravan, Akbarzadeh, Sajjadi, Hajimoradloo, & Noori, ), improvement in the intestinal antimicrobial activity (Pourmozaffar, Hajimoradloo, Paknejad, & Rameshi, ) and increased antioxidant capacity (Yang, Wu, Jian, & Zhang, ).…”

Schizochytrium limacinum Supplementation in a Low Fish-Meal Diet Improved Immune Response and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Penaeus monodon

“…There have been numerous studies that have evaluated the effects of different protein sources on the gut microbiota composition of aquatic animal (Zhou et al, 2018;Niu et al, 2019), and previous studies examining P. monodon evaluated the effect of marine invertebrate meals on gut microbiota (Simon et al, 2019). In this study, low dietary FM levels decreased the gut microbial diversity of shrimp and increased the ratio of harmful genera such as Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, and Photobacterium, which may be associated with the impaired intestinal health in shrimp.…”

Protein Hydrolysate of Poultry by-Product and Swine Liver in the Diet of Pacific White Shrimp

“…Similar behavior was observed in L. vannamei when fed diets containing different seaweed species. It was observed that specific seaweeds influenced the increase in Bacteroidetes and the reduction of Proteobacteria in the shrimp intestine (Niu et al, 2019). Some bacterial families, namely Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonadaceae, both belonging to Gammaproteobacteria class of Proteobacteria phylum, are generally associated with intestinal dysbiosis by reducing the absorption capacity of nutrients (Rigottier-Gois, 2013;Schippa and Conte, 2014).…”