Comparison between different perineal outcomes on tissue healing

Positioning During the Second Stage of Labor: Moving Back to Basics

“…Episiotomy or laceration is related to increased instrumentation in horizontal positions for birth, possibly because of less favorable fetal positions or impaired expulsive pressures when women attempt to push out their neonates over the upward sloping sacrospinous barrier (Davis & Renning, 1964). Episiotomy also increases the risk for morbidity because of infection, delayed wound healing, blood loss, pain, and dyspareunia (Banta & Thacker, 1982;McGuinness, Norr, & Nacion, 1991;Simkin, 1986). Nerve damage and lower extremity thrombosis may be related to the nonanatomic alignment of the skeleton when stirrups are used and the pressure exerted by the stirrups on the woman's lower extremities (Sloane, 1993).…”

Wundinfektionen in der Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

“…Infektionen der Geburtsverletzungen oder Episiotomien, die per definitionem nicht zu den SSI zählen, werden in bis zu 7,7% der Fälle beschrieben [20]. [15].…”

“…Dennoch zeigen Episiotomien eine höhere Rate an postpartalen Infektionen. In zwei größe-ren Studien war bei Patientinnen mit Episiotomie sowohl die Rate an Wundinfektionen erhöht als auch der Heilungsprozess verzögert [14,20].…”

Trends and Issues in Labor Induction in the United States: Implications for Clinical Practice

“…The operative vaginal birth associated with the epidural increases the risk of third-and fourthdegree perineal lacerations (Eason & Feldman, 2000;Robinson, Norwitz, Cohen, McElrath, & Lieberman, 1999). The perceived need to cut an episiotomy due to the increased length of the second stage associated with epidurals and the perineal lacerations from the operative vaginal birth can result in other complications such as anal sphincter injuries (Klein et al, 1994), severe lacerations in subsequent births (Peleg, Kennedy, Merrill, & Zlatnik, 1999), infection and delayed healing (McGuinness, Norr, & Nacion, 1991), increased blood loss (Eason & Feldman, 2000), scarring (Koger, Shatney, Hodge, & McClenathan, 1993), increased pain, and sexual dysfunction (Hordnes & Bergsjo, 1993;Klein et al, 1994). A cesarean birth that results from any of these inductionrelated complications is likely to be followed by another cesarean birth in a subsequent pregnancy .…”