“…Both milk N ‐glycans and free oligosaccharides consist of pools of various sugars with different structures. The quantification of the sample was carried out as previously reported (Wang et al., 2017). Briefly, commercially available maltopentaose was used as an internal standard (20 µmoL/mL) to measure the amount of N ‐glycans, and as an external standard (0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.005, 0.0005 M) to quantify MOs based on the determined UPLC peak area, using a previously described analysis method based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)‐UPLC (Nexera, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), which consists of an LC‐30AT pump system and an RF‐20Axs fluorescence detector set at the excitation/emission wavelengths of 330/420 nm, respectively.…”