Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy, Modified Triple Antibiotic Paste and Calcium Hydroxide on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Introduction: A pivotal issue to achieve success in the treatment of the root canal is root canal disinfection. One of the most important bacteria that infect the root canal is Enterococcus faecalis. This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of 3 methods for disinfecting the root canal: photodynamic therapy, modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP), and calcium hydroxide. Methods: Sixty-two single-rooted extracted anterior teeth were collected. After cleaning and disinfecting the teeth, their crowns were cut at the CEJ point. The root canals were shaped to the working length up to file F3 ProTaper (F1, F2, F3). EDTA 17% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used for 5 minutes to wash and remove the smear layer, and then the apical foramen was sealed using composite. After that, the teeth were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Then 10 samples were taken randomly as the negative control. The remaining samples were immersed and cultivated in a suspension containing E. faecalis for 21 days. Then the samples were divided into 5 groups: 2 positive control groups, 1 group treated with the antibiotic paste with the concentration of 1 mg/mL, 1 group treated with calcium hydroxide, and 1 group treated with photodynamic therapy. Then, to collect the biofilm, the ProTaper file F4 was used. After that, the microbial suspension was provided and counting the colonies was carried out to compare the groups. Results: The findings indicated that the amount of CFU/mg of MTAP samples, including clindamycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin in the concentration of 1 mg/mL and photodynamic therapy and calcium hydroxide was lower than that in the control group. Antibiotic paste cleansed the root canal up to 99.9%. Photodynamic therapy reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 98.8%, and calcium hydroxide reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 94.13%. Conclusion: Using photodynamic therapy causes a reduction in the biofilm and inhibits the growth of the E. faecalis bacterium. In addition, in this study, MTAP with a concentration of 1 mg/mL was used, which expunged the bacteria completely. Meanwhile, calcium hydroxide had the weakest effect of all on the E. faecalis bacterium.

Computational Biology Analysis of COVID-19 Receptor-Binding Domains: A Target Site for Indocyanine Green Through Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

“…23 Moreover, the efficacy of ICG-mediated aPDT against different bacterial infections has been confirmed in several studies. [24][25][26][27] As commented by Namvar et al, 28 ICG with photothermal and photodynamic effects is a good candidate for virus inactivation by aPDT and has proved to be effective against herpes simplex virus. Geralde et al 29 evaluated the efficacy of aPDT with ICG (10 µmol/L) as a photosensitizer and extracorporeal illumination using an infrared light source with a 780 nm laser device for the treatment of pneumonia in an experimental mouse model.…”

“…23 However, in-vivo use of PDT is limited due to hydrophobicity of photosensitizers, poor target specificity, and limited tissue penetration ability. 24 In this study, ICG was used as a photosensitizer. It is soluble in water because of its one or two sulfonate side chains.…”

The Effectiveness of Salavadora Persica (Siwak) Petroleum Ether Extract As An Intracanal Medicament Used in Endodontic Therapy: An In Vitro Study

“…Calcium hydroxide is the gold standard intracanal medication used in the treatment of infected root canals, referring to its well-known antibacterial features and ease of application [31]. Therefore, the present study compared the antimicrobial effect of the experimental intracanal medicament based on SPE to that of Ca(OH)2.…”

An in vitro study of the effect of 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy on oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the effect and underlying mechanism of 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy on OSCC in vitro. Photodynamic therapy is a new approach for targeted treatment of cancer, which is ideally suited for solid cancer, benign tumors and some precancerous lesions [11][12][13]. In clinical treatment, the recommended dose of photosensitizer has no cytotoxicity, but photoactivation with the participation of oxygen can induce cytotoxicity.…”