Comparison of API Rapid STREP, Baxter MicroScan Rapid Pos ID Panel, BBL Minitek Differential Identification System, IDS RapID STR System, and Vitek GPI to Conventional Biochemical Tests for Identification of Viridans Streptococci

Hinnebusch, Claudia J.; Nikolai, Diane M.; Bruckner, David A.

doi:10.1093/ajcp/96.4.459

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…(28), and the RapID STR (IDS; Remel, Inc., Lenexa, Kaus.) (2,18,22). All systems were used according to the manufacturer's instructions provided in the package inserts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Relatedness, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Globicatella sanguinis Strains

Shewmaker¹,

Steigerwalt

Shealey³

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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DNA-DNA reassociation was performed on 15 strains of Globicatella sanguinis to compare their taxonomic status with phenotypic characterization. All 15 strains selected for DNA-DNA reassociation readily met the criteria for species relatedness. The relative binding ratio was 81% or greater at the optimal temperature and 76% or greater at the stringent temperature, and the divergence was less than 3% for all strains hybridized with the type strain. These strains included nine strains from the Centers for Disease Control Streptococcus Laboratory culture collection that were previously included in comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies as well as six additional phenotypically variant isolates. DNA-DNA relatedness was less than 18% at the optimal reassociation temperature to Aerococcus viridans, Enterococcus avium, and Streptococcus uberis, which are phenotypically similar to G. sanguinis. This study confirms these Globicatella strains were previously misidentified as S. uberis or S. uberis-like strains based on biochemical characteristics. The biochemical data from 28 strains was compiled to further define the phenotypic criteria for identification of this species. A revised description of the species should be variable reaction for pyrrolidonylarylamidase production (75% positive), positive reaction for the bile esculin test (100%), growth at 45°C (96%), variable reaction for acid production from arabinose (45% positive), and negative starch hydrolysis (0% positive). We also evaluated four rapid identification systems, the Biomerieux rapid ID32 STREP (ID32), the Crystal rapid gram-positive identification (Cry4), the BBL Crystal gram-positive identification (Cry24), and the Remel IDS RapID STR (IDS) systems for their ability to identify these strains.In the 1977 summary of the identification of viridans streptococci isolated from human sources, 7 of 1,227 isolates were reported to be Streptococcus uberis (10). It was noted at that time that these isolates phenotypically resembled Streptococcus mutans based on biochemical reactions. However, four of the seven strains grew in 6.5% NaCl broth, which differentiated this species from all other viridans streptococci. Some of these strains, identified as S. uberis, were distributed to commercial manufacturers of kits designed to identify viridans streptococci (15,16,30). These strains had phenotypic characteristics similar to those described in 1977 and were identified as S. uberis (10) until 1990. With the advent of new tests to discriminate between the genera of gram-positive cocci, it became clear that our phenotypic criteria for identification of S. uberis was probably not valid.In 1992, comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing data for nine of these strains were analyzed to determine their phylogenetic position (4). In this study, the highest sequence homology was shown with the genus Aerococcus (91%), followed by the lactococci (88%), leuconostocs (86 to 89%), pediococci (89 to 90%), and streptococci (87 to 88%). Phylogenetic analysis showed an unknown line of desc...

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“…(28), and the RapID STR (IDS; Remel, Inc., Lenexa, Kaus.) (2,18,22). All systems were used according to the manufacturer's instructions provided in the package inserts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Relatedness, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Globicatella sanguinis Strains

Shewmaker¹,

Steigerwalt

Shealey³

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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“…The API 20 Strep system (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and various commercial biochemical-based tests have been evaluated for their abilities to differentiate viridans group streptococci (20,24,28,32,33). Generally, these tests do not differentiate S. pneumoniae from the Smit group without the addition of OPT and/or BS testing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Phenotypic and Genotypic Testing for Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Description of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae sp. nov

et al. 2004

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We have identified an unusual group of viridans group streptococci that resemble Streptococcus pneumoniae. DNA-DNA homology studies suggested that a subset of these isolates represent a novel species that may be included in the S. oralis-S. mitis group of viridans group streptococci. We suggest that this novel species be termed Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae. A combination of phenotypic and genetic reactions allows its identification. S. pseudopneumoniae strains do not have pneumococcal capsules, are resistant to optochin (inhibition zones, less than 14 mm) when they are incubated under an atmosphere of increased CO 2 but are susceptible to optochin (inhibition zones, >14 mm) when they are incubated in ambient atmospheres, are not soluble in bile, and are positive by the GenProbe AccuProbe Pneumococcus test. The bile solubility test is more specific than the optochin test for identification of S. pneumoniae. Genetic tests for pneumolysin (ply) and manganesedependent superoxide dismutase (sodA) and identification tests with a commercial probe, AccuProbe Pneumococcus, do not discriminate between the new species and S. pneumoniae.Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and is also associated with bacteremia, meningitis, otitis media, and sinusitis, accounting for approximately 3,000 cases of meningitis, 50,000 cases of bacteremia, 500,000 cases of pneumonia, and 7 million cases of otitis media each year in the United States (1). Clinical laboratories must be able to accurately differentiate S. pneumoniae from other viridans group streptococci commonly found in clinical samples. An inability to correctly identify S. pneumoniae may result in inappropriate antimicrobial therapy.S. pneumoniae is a member of the Streptococcus mitis-Streptococcus oralis group (the Smit group) of viridans group streptococci, which includes S. mitis, S. oralis, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus infantis, and Streptococcus peroris. Differentiation of S. pneumoniae from other viridans group streptococci, including members of the Smit group, has conventionally been based on phenotypic characteristics, most commonly by demonstrating optochin (OPT) susceptibility and/or solubility in bile (sodium deoxycholate) (18). Identification by these two tests is satisfactory when isolates from sterile sites are tested (16). However, identification is often problematic when samples from nonsterile sites, such as respiratory samples, are tested. The results of phenotypic testing can result in ambiguous OPT susceptibility and bile solubility (BS) test results (18).Although they are uncommon, OPT resistance has been reported in S. pneumoniae and OPT-resistant subpopulations have also been reported, both of which may lead to problems in identification, especially in association with atypical colony morphologies (4,13,36,42,45,46,55,60). Gardam and Miller (21) reported that variances in OPT zone sizes are dependent on the test medium and incubation environment used, as some media and environments may result in f...

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“…In clinical laboratories, phenotypic test kits such as the Rapid ID 32 STREP system (Bio Mérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France) and STREPTOGRAM (Wako Pure Chemicals, Osaka, Japan) are commonly used for identification of streptococci and related genera (18,27). The inherent problem of this approach is the large number of species relative to the limited number of biochemical traits that can be analyzed, the variability of several traits within species (33,35,36,44), the poor reproducibility of some tests (12,17,26,36,44), and the lack of sufficient phenotypic data on more recently described species in the underlying databases.…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of Phylogenetic and Phenotypic Analyses To Identify Nonhemolytic Streptococci Isolated from Bacteremic Patients

2005

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The aim of this study was to evaluate molecular and phenotypic methods for the identification of nonhemolytic streptococci. A collection of 148 strains consisting of 115 clinical isolates from cases of infective endocarditis, septicemia, and meningitis and 33 reference strains, including type strains of all relevant Streptococcus species, were examined. Identification was performed by phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of four housekeeping genes, ddl, gdh, rpoB, and sodA; by PCR analysis of the glucosyltransferase (gtf) gene; and by conventional phenotypic characterization and identification using two commercial kits, Rapid ID 32 STREP and STREPTOGRAM and the associated databases. A phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of the four housekeeping genes allowed unequivocal differentiation of recognized species and was used as the reference. Analysis of single gene sequences revealed deviation clustering in eight strains (5.4%) due to homologous recombination with other species. This was particularly evident in S. sanguinis and in members of the anginosus group of streptococci. The rate of correct identification of the strains by both commercial identification kits was below 50% but varied significantly between species. The most significant problems were observed with S. mitis and S. oralis and 11 Streptococcus species described since 1991. Our data indicate that identification based on multilocus sequence analysis is optimal. As a more practical alternative we recommend identification based on sodA sequences with reference to a comprehensive set of sequences that is available for downloading from our server. An analysis of the species distribution of 107 nonhemolytic streptococci from bacteremic patients showed a predominance of S. oralis and S. anginosus with various underlying infections.The genus Streptococcus currently consists of more than 50 species, most of which belong to one of six phylogenetic clusters that are revealed by comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. In addition to the pyogenic group, which includes the traditional pathogenic species (i.e., hemolytic streptococci), these clusters are the anginosus group, the mitis group, the salivarius group, the bovis group, and the mutans group (30,34). Many of the species of these five clusters are major constituents of the commensal microbiota of the human oral cavity and upper respiratory tract and are occasionally implicated in various pathologies. The anginosus group, formerly called "Streptococcus milleri" in some parts of the world (16), includes three recognized species (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus constellatus) that are primarily associated with suppurative infections of tissues of the mouth and various body sites, including the meninges (9,37,44,54,56). The mitis group currently includes

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Comparison of API Rapid STREP, Baxter MicroScan Rapid Pos ID Panel, BBL Minitek Differential Identification System, IDS RapID STR System, and Vitek GPI to Conventional Biochemical Tests for Identification of Viridans Streptococci

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

DNA Relatedness, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Globicatella sanguinis Strains

DNA Relatedness, Phenotypic Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Globicatella sanguinis Strains

Accuracy of Phenotypic and Genotypic Testing for Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Description of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae sp. nov

Use of Phylogenetic and Phenotypic Analyses To Identify Nonhemolytic Streptococci Isolated from Bacteremic Patients

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