Comparison of attosecond streaking and RABBITT

Cattaneo, Laura; Vos, Jannie; Lucchini, Matteo; Gallmann, L.; Cirelli, Claudio; Keller, U.

doi:10.1364/oe.24.029060

Cited by 60 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In the process of RABBITT, the IR photon couples electrons ionized from two neighboring harmonics to interfere into the sideband signal of the RABBITT trace [27]. Provided that the target photoemission phase varies slowly with energy, RABBITT is very accurate in measuring the energy-dependent photoemission delays.…”

Section: B Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective mass effect in attosecond electron transport

Kasmi¹,

Lucchini²,

Castiglioni³

et al. 2017

Optica

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The electronic band structure governs the electron dynamics in solids. It defines a group velocity and an effective mass of the electronic wave packet. Recent experimental and theoretical studies suggest that an electron acquires the effective mass of its excited state over distances much larger than the lattice period of the solid. Therefore, electron propagation on atomic length scales was typically considered to be free-electron-like. Here, we test this hypothesis by probing attosecond photoemission from a Cu(111) surface. We use attosecond pulse trains in the extreme-ultraviolet (21-33 eV) to excite electrons from two initial bands within the 3d-valence band of copper. We timed their arrival at the crystal surface with a probing femtosecond infrared pulse, and found an upper limit of 350±40 as (1 as=10−18 s) for the propagation time an electron requires to assume the effective mass of its excited state. This observation implies that a final-state Bloch wave packet forms within a travel distance of 5-7 Å, which is at most two atomic layers. Using well-established theory, our measurements demonstrate the importance of the band structure even for atomic-scale electron transport. The electronic band structure governs the electron dynamics in solids. It defines a group velocity and an effective mass of the electronic wave packet. Recent experimental and theoretical studies suggest that an electron acquires the effective mass of its excited state over distances much larger than the lattice period of the solid. Therefore, electron propagation on atomic length scales was typically considered to be free-electron-like. Here, we test this hypothesis by probing attosecond photoemission from a Cu(111) surface. We use attosecond pulse trains in the extremeultraviolet (21-33 eV) to excite electrons from two initial bands within the 3d-valence band of copper. We timed their arrival at the crystal surface with a probing femtosecond infrared pulse, and found an upper limit of 350 40 as (1 as 10 −18 s) for the propagation time an electron requires to assume the effective mass of its excited state. This observation implies that a final-state Bloch wave packet forms within a travel distance of 5-7 Å, which is at most two atomic layers. Using well-established theory, our measurements demonstrate the importance of the band structure even for atomic-scale electron transport.

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Section: B Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective mass effect in attosecond electron transport

Kasmi¹,

Lucchini²,

Castiglioni³

et al. 2017

Optica

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“…We compared and verified the accuracy of single-photon photoemission delay measurements using both, the RABBITT and the streaking technique 26 . For this, we measured the relative photoemission delay between electrons originating from the Ne 2p and the Ar 3p ground states.…”

Section: Ionization Dynamics In Atomsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These two main contributions can in general not be separated from each other in a single measurement. Thus, a simultaneous reference measurement from a different state of the same atom 22 or a different species has to be performed 26,28 . Subtraction of the phases from the two different states or species yields the difference of the respective atomic phases, while the identical APT-specific phase cancels out.…”

Section: Ionization Dynamics In Atomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photoemission and photoionization time delays and rates

Gallmann

Jordan

Wörner

et al. 2017

Structural Dynamics

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Ionization and, in particular, ionization through the interaction with light play an important role in fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. In recent years, we have seen tremendous advances in our ability to measure the dynamics of photo-induced ionization in various systems in the gas, liquid, or solid phase. In this review, we will define the parameters used for quantifying these dynamics. We give a brief overview of some of the most important ionization processes and how to resolve the associated time delays and rates. With regard to time delays, we ask the question: how long does it take to remove an electron from an atom, molecule, or solid? With regard to rates, we ask the question: how many electrons are emitted in a given unit of time? We present state-of-the-art results on ionization and photoemission time delays and rates. Our review starts with the simplest physical systems: the attosecond dynamics of single-photon and tunnel ionization of atoms in the gas phase. We then extend the discussion to molecular gases and ionization of liquid targets. Finally, we present the measurements of ionization delays in femto- and attosecond photoemission from the solid–vacuum interface.

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“…Despite the large variety of the developed methods, lots of work still needs to be done mainly in the comparative studies between different approaches [97,168] and the extension of these methods to higher XUV photon energies and shorter asec pulse durations (see Section 5). The appropriateness of these methods to the characterization of asec pulses generated by solid-surfaces is quite limited.…”

Section: Characterization Of Xuv Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of Attosecond Light Pulses from Gas and Solid State Media

et al. 2017

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Real-time observation of ultrafast dynamics in the microcosm is a fundamental approach for understanding the internal evolution of physical, chemical and biological systems. Tools for tracing such dynamics are flashes of light with duration comparable to or shorter than the characteristic evolution times of the system under investigation. While femtosecond (fs) pulses are successfully used to investigate vibrational dynamics in molecular systems, real time observation of electron motion in all states of matter requires temporal resolution in the attosecond (1 attosecond (asec) = 10 −18 s) time scale. During the last decades, continuous efforts in ultra-short pulse engineering led to the development of table-top sources which can produce asec pulses. These pulses have been synthesized by using broadband coherent radiation in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral region generated by the interaction of matter with intense fs pulses. Here, we will review asec pulses generated by the interaction of gas phase media and solid surfaces with intense fs IR laser fields. After a brief overview of the fundamental process underlying the XUV emission form these media, we will review the current technology, specifications and the ongoing developments of such asec sources.

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Comparison of attosecond streaking and RABBITT

Cited by 60 publications

References 37 publications

Effective mass effect in attosecond electron transport

Effective mass effect in attosecond electron transport

Photoemission and photoionization time delays and rates

Generation of Attosecond Light Pulses from Gas and Solid State Media

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