Comparison of Bispectral Index™ values during the flotation restricted environmental stimulation technique and results for stage I sleep: a prospective pilot investigation

Dunham, C. Michael; McClain, Jesse V.; Burger, Amanda L.

doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2947-4

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Compared with the prehypnosis state, BIS values were lower during hypnosis induction and even lower during postinduction hypnosis. The mean BIS values during hypnosis induction and postinduction were similar to the BIS values reported during stage I sleep [74]. The BIS reductions that we found during hypnosis are corroborated by another similar investigation by Almeida-Marques [8].…”

Section: Changes In Bis Values During Hypnosissupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Supplementary evidence for BIS reductions is the evidence provided during investigations of participants watching relaxing videos [10] or trying relaxing-guided imagery [11]. The brainwave physiology of BIS reductions, and similarity to stage I sleep, implies that such participants were in a relative state of cognitive or mental relaxation [73][74][75].…”

Section: Changes In Bis Values During Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bispectral Index Alterations and Associations With Autonomic Changes During Hypnosis in Trauma Center Researchers: Formative Evaluation Study

Dunham¹,

Burger²,

Hileman³

et al. 2021

JMIR Form Res

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Background Previous work performed by our group demonstrated that intermittent reductions in bispectral index (BIS) values were found during neurofeedback following mindfulness instructions. Hypnosis was induced to enhance reductions in BIS values. Objective This study aims to assess physiologic relaxation and explore its associations with BIS values using autonomic monitoring. Methods Each session consisted of reading a 4-minute baseline neutral script and playing an 18-minute hypnosis tape to 3 researchers involved in the BIS neurofeedback study. In addition to BIS monitoring, autonomic monitoring was performed, and this included measures of electromyography (EMG), skin temperature, skin conductance, respiratory rate, expired carbon dioxide, and heart rate variability. The resulting data were analyzed using two-tailed t tests, correlation analyses, and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results We found that hypnosis was associated with reductions in BIS (P<.001), EMG (P<.001), respiratory rate (P<.001), skin conductance (P=.006), and very low frequency power (P=.04); it was also associated with increases in expired carbon dioxide (P<.001), skin temperature (P=.04), high frequency power (P<.001), and successive heart interbeat interval difference (P=.04) values. Decreased BIS values were associated with reduced EMG measures (R=0.76; P<.001), respiratory rate (R=0.35; P=.004), skin conductance (R=0.57; P<.001), and low frequency power (R=0.32; P=.01) and with increased high frequency power (R=−0.53; P<.001), successive heart interbeat interval difference (R=−0.32; P=.009), and heart interbeat interval SD (R=−0.26; P=.04) values. Conclusions Hypnosis appeared to induce mental and physical relaxation, enhance parasympathetic neural activation, and attenuate sympathetic nervous system activity, changes that were associated with BIS values. Findings from this preliminary formative evaluation suggest that the current hypnosis model may be useful for assessing autonomic physiological associations with changes in BIS values, thus motivating us to proceed with a larger investigation in trauma center nurses and physicians.

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Section: Changes In Bis Values During Hypnosissupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Changes In Bis Values During Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bispectral Index Alterations and Associations With Autonomic Changes During Hypnosis in Trauma Center Researchers: Formative Evaluation Study

Dunham¹,

Burger²,

Hileman³

et al. 2021

JMIR Form Res

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“…Reductions in BIS values have also been found for conditions other than pharmacologic sedation and include acupressure (Fassoulaki et al, 2007), stage I sleep (Tung et al, 2002; Benini et al, 2005; Dahaba et al, 2011), guided imagery relaxation (Hudetz et al, 2004), restricted external stimulation therapy (flotation) (Dunham et al, 2017), and video relaxation (Tsutsumi et al, 2017). For BIS values between 60 and 100, the level highly correlates ( r = 0.90; p < 0.01) with the ratio of power in a brainwave band with high frequency (30–47 Hz) relative to a lower frequency band (11–20 Hz) (Morimoto et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brainwave Self-Regulation During Bispectral IndexTM Neurofeedback in Trauma Center Nurses and Physicians After Receiving Mindfulness Instructions

et al. 2019

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Fifty-seven level I trauma center nurses/physicians participated in a 4-day intervention to learn relaxed alertness using mindfulness-based instructions and EEG neurofeedback. Neurofeedback was provided by a Bispectral IndexTM (BIS) system that continuously displays a BIS value (0–100) on the monitor screen. Reductions in the BIS value indicate that power in a high-frequency band (30–47 Hz) is decreased and power in an intermediate band (11–20 Hz) is increased. A wellbeing tool with four positive affect and seven negative affect items based on a 5-category Likert scale was used. The wellbeing score is the sum of the positive affect items (positive affect score) and the reverse-scored negative affect items (non-stress score). Of functional concern were four negative affect items rated as moderately, quite a bit, or extremely in a large percent. Of greater concern were all four positive affect items rated as very slightly or none at all, a little, or moderately in over half of the participants. Mean and nadir BIS values were markedly decreased during neurofeedback when compared to baseline values. Post-session relaxation scores were higher than pre-session relaxation scores. Post-session relaxation scores had an inverse relationship with mean and nadir BIS values. Mean and nadir BIS values were inversely associated with NFB cognitive states (i.e., widening the visual field, decreasing effort, attention to space, and relaxed alertness). For all participants, the wellbeing score was higher on day 4 than on day 1. Participants had a higher wellbeing score on day 4 than a larger group of nurses/physicians who did not participate in the BIS neurofeedback trial. Eighty percent of participants demonstrated an improvement in the positive affect or non-stress score on day 4, when compared to day 1; the wellbeing, non-stress, and positive affect scores were substantially higher on day 4 than on day 1. Additionally, for that 80% of participants, the improvements in wellbeing and non-stress were associated with reductions in day 3 BIS values. These findings indicate that trauma center nurses/physicians participating in an EEG neurofeedback trial with mindfulness instructions had improvements in wellbeing.Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03152331. Registered May 15, 2017.

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“…In 2017, Dunham et al sought to compare the Bispectral Index (BIS) values obtained during flotation-REST and those found during sleep [75]. BIS monitoring is a method in which raw EEG signals are analyzed to assess the level of consciousness of an individual.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of Flotation-Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST)

Lashgari,

Chen,

Gregory

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundRestricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) is a therapeutic technique that involves immersing an individual in an environment with minimal sensory input or stimulation. The goal of REST is to induce a state of relaxation that is deeper than what can be achieved through other forms of relaxation techniques. Research suggests that REST can help reduce anxiety, alleviate chronic pain, improve sleep, and enhance creativity and cognitive function. Flotation-REST is a popular type of REST that utilizes an enclosed tank filled with buoyant saltwater to facilitate relaxation.MethodsWe used PRISMA to survey the flotation-REST literature from 1960 to 2023. From each paper, we extracted information regarding the participant sample, application of flotation-REST, experimental design, treatment delivery method, questionnaires and tools, and study results.ResultsWe propose that the application of flotation-REST can be divided into nine main categories: pain, athletic performance, physiology, stress, consciousness, psychology, creativity, clinical anxiety, sleep, smoking cessation, and other miscellaneous applications. In general, flotation-REST was found to bring about positive effects on pain, athletic performance, stress, mental well-being, and clinical anxiety, while having limited to no effect on sleep-related disorders and smoking cessation.ConclusionThis paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on flotation-REST, highlights ongoing limitations in the literature, and outlines potential areas for future research. While flotation-REST appears to induce various benefits for physical and mental well-being, particularly when it comes to managing states like pain and stress, more research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to identify optimal treatment protocols for different populations.

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Comparison of Bispectral Index™ values during the flotation restricted environmental stimulation technique and results for stage I sleep: a prospective pilot investigation

Cited by 5 publications

References 57 publications

Bispectral Index Alterations and Associations With Autonomic Changes During Hypnosis in Trauma Center Researchers: Formative Evaluation Study

Bispectral Index Alterations and Associations With Autonomic Changes During Hypnosis in Trauma Center Researchers: Formative Evaluation Study

Brainwave Self-Regulation During Bispectral IndexTM Neurofeedback in Trauma Center Nurses and Physicians After Receiving Mindfulness Instructions

A systematic review of Flotation-Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST)

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