Comparison of cathodal, anodal, and bipolar strength-interval curves with temporary and permanent pacing electrodes.

Abstract

suMMARY Acute animal experiments indicate that ventricular vulnerability to fibrillation or multiple premature contractions is greater during bipolar or anodal stimulation than with unipolar cathodal (with electrodes of equal cathodal and anodal surface area) because the anodal and bipolar absolute refractory periods are shorter, enabling easier excitation in the vulnerable period. To compare the relative safety of stimulation with various commercial electrodes, strength-interval curves were determined in patients during the initial period after electrode implantation (acute studies) and after a few years of pacing (chronic studies). In 9 of 10 acute studies in patients with permanent bipolar electrodes (anode surface area 4-4 times cathode) and in 9 of 10 chronic studies in patients with bipolar electrodes, the unipolar cathodal and bipolar refractory periods were equal. However, in 7 of 12 patients with temporary bipolar electrodes (equal anodal and cathodal surface areas) and in 2 out of 20 acute and chronic studies in patients with permanent bipolar electrodes, the bipolar refractory periods were significantly shorter than cathodal because of anodal stimulation at the proximal electrode. Under appropriate physiological conditions and competitive pacing, these patients would be more vulnerable to arrhythmias with bipolar stimulation than with unipolar cathodal. To decrease that risk, the anodal surface area should be 5 to 7 times the cathodal, or the anode should be removed from the ventricle, especially for temporary pacing in circumstances of high vulnerability to arrhythmias.

Mathematical Cardiac Electrophysiology

“…Weak electroporation also produces a slight increase of the relative refractory period, (from 20 to 27 ms). The break portion of the anodal S-I curves exhibits a typical dip followed by a dome and a subsequent sudden fall sharing the same features of the S-I curves observed experimentally in [146,324,480] and computed in [255,256,428]; we refer to [428] for an explanation of these features.…”

Virtual electrode theory explains pacing threshold increase caused by cardiac tissue damage

“…2) and increase in pacing thresholds (Table 1) as a result of tissue damage by pacing with strong current. The cathodal and anodal threshold values (Table 1) for the normal tissue are similar to those obtained by others (7,29). Tissue damage increases both thresholds three-to fourfold.…”

Examination of stimulation mechanism and strength-interval curve in cardiac tissue

“…In the S-I curve, this interval appears as a "dip," and in the family of strength-duration curves, the period of increased excitability is manifested as displacement of the curves under stimulation during the relative refractory period (RRP) (25,36). Investigations of unipolar cathodal and anodal stimulation of the heart with short pulses revealed that periods of superexcitability are characteristic of positive (anodal) stimulation, whereas the S-I curve for negative (cathodal) stimulation is close to a hyperbolic shape (13,32).…”