Comparison of cellular fatty acid profiles of the microbiota in different gut regions of BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice

Vaahtovuo, Jussi; Eerola, Erkki; Toivanen, Paavo

doi:10.1007/s10482-004-7837-9

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Our results supported previous findings from mouse and human GI tract analyses (21,51) and from pigs (47) emphasizing that each individual carries a unique intestinal bacterial community, determined primarily by its genotype and secondarily by its environment. Any putative effect of a treatment would therefore need to be determined against this background variation between individual pigs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Human twins have more similar intestinal communities than do married couples or unrelated individuals, giving some of the first evidence that genotype is a major contributor to microbial selection in the intestine (51). A later study with mice provides further support for the role genetics plays in microbial diversity (21). Conceivably, the ileum community is under different constraints, due in part to the greater surface-to-volume ratio, the lower bacterial density, and the active nature of the ileal tissue (for example, through excretion of mucus).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Alteration of the Ileal Microbiota of Weanling Piglets by the Growth-Promoting Antibiotic Chlortetracycline

Rettedal

Vilain

Lindblom³

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Antibiotics such as chlortetracycline (CTC) have been used to promote growth of pigs for decades, but concerns over increased antibiotic-resistant infections in humans have prompted the development of alternative strategies. Developing alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) could be informed by information on the mechanisms of growth promotion, notably, how AGPs affect the microbial populations of the gastrointestinal tract. Pigs from three sows were aseptically delivered by cesarean section. Six piglets were distributed to each of two foster mothers until weaning, when piglets were fed a diet with or without 50 mg/kg CTC for 2 weeks. The ileal bacterial microbiota was characterized by using a cultivation-independent approach based on DNA extraction, PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene pool. The ileal and mucosal communities of these growing pigs were dominated by Lactobacillus bacteria, various members of the family Clostridiaceae, and members of the poorly known genus Turicibacter. Overall, CTC treatment resulted in three shifts: a decrease in Lactobacillus johnsonii, an increase in L. amylovorus, and a decrease in Turicibacter phylotypes. The composition of the microbiota varied considerably between individual pigs, as revealed by shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and similarity (SONS) analysis ( YC values). While the observed variation between untreated pigs obscured the possible effect of CTC, ͐-LIBSHUFF and SONS analyses of pooled libraries indicated a significant shift due to CTC in both the lumen and the mucosa, with some OTUs unique to either treated or control ileum. DOTUR analysis revealed little overlap between control and treated communities at the 3% difference level, indicating unique ileal communities in the presence of CTC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Alteration of the Ileal Microbiota of Weanling Piglets by the Growth-Promoting Antibiotic Chlortetracycline

Rettedal

Vilain

Lindblom³

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…A high similarity in gut microbiota composition between monozygotic twins compared to less related or unrelated individuals implies that such differences are associated with the genetic background of the host (Zoetendal et al ., 2001). In inbred mouse strains, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype has been implicated in controlling intestinal colonization (Toivanen et al ., 2001; Vaahtovuo et al ., 2001; Jussi et al ., 2005). MHC molecules are expressed on both somatic (MHC class I) and immune cells (MHC class II) and they play a role in antigen presentation (Klein and Sato, 2000a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Toll‐like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 do not affect the intestinal microbiota composition in mice

Loh¹,

Brodziak

Blaut

2008

Environmental Microbiology

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The interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and microbes is partly mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Sensing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by TLR2 and TLR4, respectively, can result in immune system activation and in an exclusion of bacteria from the intestine. To test the impact of these TLRs on bacterial composition, germ-free TLR2/TLR4 double-knock out mice and the corresponding C57BL/10ScSn wild-type mice where associated with fecal bacteria from one single donor mouse. In addition, C3H/HeOuJ and BALB/c mice were used in this study. Fecal bacteria were monitored over 13 weeks with denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Colonic bacteria were enumerated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in caecal samples. No effect of the TLRs on intestinal microbiota composition and SCFA concentrations was observed. However, the microbiota composition as reflected by DGGE band patterns differed between C3H and BALB/c mice on the one hand and C57BL/10 mice on the other hand. Corresponding differences between the mouse strains were also observed in cecal propionic, valeric and i-valeric acid concentrations. No differences between the animals were observed in the numbers of bacteria detected by FISH. We conclude that genetic traits but not TLR2 and TLR4 have an impact on the intestinal microbiota composition.

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“…Further support for genetic factors affecting the composition of the intestinal microbiome comes from studies in humans where specific microbiota profiles were associated with subjects that had mutations at specific gene loci . Similar studies in mice have shown an association of genetic loci with shifts in the gut microbial diversity, suggesting that the host's genetic factors have a strong influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiome as well as its metabolic output …”

Section: Genetic Factors and The Microbiomementioning

confidence: 98%

“…In the colon, the mucus layer is thick (~150 µm) and double‐layered. Although the outer layer has an abundance of microorganisms, the inner layer of mucus is remarkably resistant to penetration and prevents the microbiota from interacting with the lining of the epithelium . The production of intestinal mucus is regulated by the products of intestinal microbiome; germ‐free mice have a highly attenuated mucus layer of the colon despite normal goblet cells, and the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide or peptidoglycan causes the release of intestinal mucus by the goblet cells .…”

Section: Genes Involved With Stratification and Compartmentalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenetic control of the intestinal microbiota

2015

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Summary All vertebrates contain a diverse collection of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, on their various body surfaces, and the ecological community of these microorganisms is referred to as the microbiota. Mucosal sites, such as the intestine, harbour the majority of microorganisms, and the human intestine contains the largest community of commensal and symbiotic bacteria. This intestinal community of bacteria is diverse, and there is a significant variability among individuals with respect to the composition of the intestinal microbiome. Both genetic and environmental factors can influence the diversity and composition of the intestinal bacteria with the predominant environmental factor being diet. So far, studies have shown that diet‐dependent differences in the composition of intestinal bacteria can be classified into three groups, called enterotypes. Other environmental factors that can influence the composition include antibiotics, probiotics, smoking and drugs. Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have proven that genetics plays a role. Recently, MHC II genes have been associated with specific microbial compositions in human infants and transgenic mice that express different HLA alleles. There is a growing list of genes/molecules that are involved with the sensing and monitoring of the intestinal lumen by the intestinal immune system that, when genetically altered, will significantly alter the composition of the intestinal microflora. The focus of this review will be on the genetic factors that influence the composition of the intestinal microflora.

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Comparison of cellular fatty acid profiles of the microbiota in different gut regions of BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

Alteration of the Ileal Microbiota of Weanling Piglets by the Growth-Promoting Antibiotic Chlortetracycline

Alteration of the Ileal Microbiota of Weanling Piglets by the Growth-Promoting Antibiotic Chlortetracycline

The Toll‐like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 do not affect the intestinal microbiota composition in mice

Immunogenetic control of the intestinal microbiota

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