Comparison of Chondrogenic Potential in Equine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue and Bone Marrow

Abstract

Objective-To compare the chondrogenic potential of adult equine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (MSCs) or adipose tissue (ASCs).Study Design-In vitro experimental study. Animals-Adult Thoroughbred horses (n = 11).Methods-BM (5 horses; mean [± SD] age, 4 ± 1.4 years) or adipose tissue (6 horses; mean age, 3.5 ± 1.1 years) samples were obtained. Cryopreserved MSCs and ASCs were used for pellet cultures in stromal medium (C) or induced into chondrogenesis ± transforming growth factor-3 (TGFβ 3 ) and bone morphogenic factor-6 (BMP-6). Pellets harvested after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days were examined for cross-sectional size and tissue composition (hematoxylin and eosin), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) staining (Alcian blue), collagen type II immunohistochemistry, and by transmission electron microscopy. Pellet GAG and total DNA content were measured using dimethylmethylene blue and Hoechst DNA assays.Results-Collagen type II synthesis was predominantly observed in MSC pellets from Day 7 onward. Unlike ASC cultures, MSC pellets had hyaline-like matrix by Day 14. GAG deposition occurred earlier in MSC cultures compared with ASC cultures and growth factors enhanced both MSC GAG concentrations (P<.0001) and MSC pellet size (P<.004) after 2 weeks in culture. Conclusion-EquineMSCs have superior chondrogenic potential compared with ASCs and the equine ASC growth factor response suggests possible differences compared with other species.Clinical Relevance-Elucidation of equine ASC and MSC receptor profiles will enhance the use of these cells in regenerative cartilage repair.

Effects of autologous adipose-derived stem cell infusion on type 2 diabetic rats

“…Adipose tissue contains a diversity of cell types, including adipocytes, stromal cells, vascular endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and resident blood-derived cells. The higher level of heterogeneity of ASC suggests that those cells do represent MSC that have more lineage capabilities than BM-MSC [16,17]. However, the effects of diabetes on ASC leads to a gradual depletion of the ASC pool, as with BM-MSC [18,19].…”

Mesenchymal stem cells from amnion and amniotic fluid in the bovine

“…As in humans, also in veterinary medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been harvested successfully from a wide range of tissues (Smith et al 2003, Kern et al 2006, Koerner et al 2006, Arnhold et al 2007, Giovannini et al 2008, Vidal et al 2008. The most characterized sources of MSCs are bone marrow (Fortier et al 1998, Ringe et al 2002, Mitchell et al 2003, Smith et al 2003, Kern et al 2006, Vidal et al 2006, Arnhold et al 2007, Vidal et al 2008) and the adipose tissue (Kern et al 2006, Vidal et al 2008; however, the procedures employed to isolate these tissues are still invasive and cells are usually obtained with low efficiency.…”

State of the art and future perspectives of articular cartilage regeneration: a focus on adipose-derived stem cells and platelet-derived products

“…Regarding aggrecan expression, BMSC respond better to TGFβ, while ASC require BMP-6 (Jakobsen et al, 2009) Human In hyaluronic acid scaffolds chondrogenesis of BMSC was higher compared to ASC (Liu et al, 2007) Human BMSC differentiate better into osteoblasts and chondrocytes, while ASC have higher adipogenic differentiation potential (Afizah et al, 2007) Human BMSC and ASC from the same donor: BMSC are more suitable for cartilage tissue engineering than ASC (Huang et al, 2005) Human A patient-matched study: under the described conditions, BMSC demonstrated a higher chondrogenic potential (Im et al, 2005) Human Results of this study suggest that ASC have inferior capacity for chondrogenic differentiation (Winter et al, 2003) Human There are no differences in the expression of chondrogenic marker genes in 2D cultures between ASC and BMSC. In 3D cultures BMSC expressed a gene profile similar to that of osteoarthritic cartilage (Koga et al, 2008) Rabbit BMSC have higher chondrogenic potential compared to ASC in vitro and in vivo Rat There are no major differences between ASC and BMSC regarding the chondrogenic differentiation potential (Kisiday et al, 2008) Equine Superior chondrogenesis of BMSC was demonstrated in comparison to ASC (Vidal et al, 2008) Equine Superior chondrogenesis of BMSC was demonstrated in comparison to ASC Table 2. Differences in surface marker expression of HLA-ABC in BMSC, making ASC more suitable for allogenic transplantations.…”

“…A considerable number of papers have been published since 2003, addressing the question of which cell type, ASC or BMSC, possesses a higher chondrogenic potential (Table 1). A variety of authors concluded that BMSC can be more easily differentiated towards the chondrogenic lineage than ASC (Afizah et al, 2007;Danisovic et al, 2009;Huang et al, 2005;Im et al, 2005;Jakobsen et al, 2009;Kisiday et al, 2008;Koga et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2007;Vidal et al, 2008). However, Diekman et al (2010) pointed out that ASC and BMSC require unequal growth factor treatment for chondrogenic induction.…”