Comparison of Continuous Glucose Monitoring between Dexcom G4 Platinum and HD-XG Systems in Nonhuman Primates (Macaca Fascicularis)

Abstract

Timely knowing glucose level helps diabetic patients to manage the disease, including decisions about food, physical activity and medication. This study compared two continuous glucose monitoring systems in conscious and moving-free nonhuman primates (NHPs, Macaca fascicularis). Each normoglycemic or diabetic monkey was implanted with one Dexcom G4 Platinum subcutaneously or one HD-XG glucose sensor arterially for glucose monitoring. The glucose levels measured by both telemetry devices significantly correlated with the glucometer readings. The data of oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) showed that the glucose levels measured by either Dexcom G4 Platinum or HD-XG transmitter were very similar to glucometer readings. However, compared to HD-XG transmitter or glucometer, Dexcom G4 Platinum detected a decreased glucose peak of ivGTT with approximately 10 min delay due to interstitial glucose far behind blood glucose change. Our data showed the advantages of the telemetry systems are: (1) consecutive data collection (day and night); (2) no bleeding; (3) no anesthesia (moving freely); (4) recording natural response without physical restriction and stress; (5) less labor intensity during ivGTT and other tests; (6) quick outcomes without lab tests. This article summarized and compared the differences of the general characteristics of two continuous glucose monitoring systems in diabetic research.

Recent advances in optical sensors for continuous glucose monitoring

“…They kept their technologies up to date and launched the new generations of their CGM systems. 17,24,40 By comparison, Senseonics Eversense may be preferred by patients requiring a long-wear and relatively 43 The glucose sensor part is inserted under human skin. Reproduced from ref.…”

“…Reproduced from ref. 43 with permission Springer Nature, Copyrights 2017. (ii) G5 Mobile manufactured by Dexcom is placed on human skin.…”

Decreased complexity of glucose dynamics in diabetes in rhesus monkeys

“…Since then, decreases in the complexity of glucose dynamics have been demonstrated in diabetic mice and rats 8 as well as in additional clinical studies 9–11 . Although CGM studies have been conducted in non-human primates 12,13 , complexity of glucose dynamics was not analyzed. In addition, it is not known if diabetes medications that reduce glucose levels also correct the decreased complexity of glucose dynamics.…”

Photoinduced deformation behavior of a series of newly synthesized epoxy-based polymers bearing push–pull azo chromophores

“…Azobenzene derivatives bearing electronic donoreacceptor substituents usually show a much faster isomerization rate compared with azobenzene [12,13]. Triggered by the photoisomerization of azo functional groups, azo polymers can show a variety of photoresponsive variations, such as photoinduced reversible chemical and physical property changes [1], photochemically induced phase transition [2,6], photoinduced birefringence and dichroism [4,6], photomechanical responses [7,11,14e16], light-sensitive responses of amphiphiles and their aggregates [8,10].…”