Comparison of cow-side diagnostic tests for subclinical mastitis of dairy cows in Musanze district, Rwanda

Iraguha, Blaise; Hamudikuwanda, H.; Mushonga, Borden; Kandiwa, Erick; Mpatswenumugabo, Jean Pierre M.

doi:10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1464

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Depending on the visibility of effects of inflammation of the mammary gland, which is attributable to the degree of inflammation, mastitis is classified as clinical or subclinical [22]. Clinical mastitis includes gross abnormality in milk, physical abnormalities of udder and abnormality of cow with systemic involvement while subclinical mastitis does not produce visible effects on udder or milk quality but has important effects on milk composition, mainly an increase in somatic cell counts [23,24]). While it is easy to detect clinical mastitis (seeing clotted milk), subclinical mastitis can only be demonstrated using various tests such as California Mastitis Test (CMT), Whiteside test (WST), Surf field mastitis test (SFMT), sodium lauryl sulphate test (SLST), Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (MSCC) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) [25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is easy to detect clinical mastitis (seeing clotted milk), subclinical mastitis can only be demonstrated using various tests such as California Mastitis Test (CMT), Whiteside test (WST), Surf field mastitis test (SFMT), sodium lauryl sulphate test (SLST), Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (MSCC) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) [25][26][27]. However, CMT has been recognized as a highly sensitive test to detect bovine subclinical mastitis [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Retained Placenta and Subclinical Mastitis in Tanzanian Dairy Cows

Komba¹,

Kashoma²

2020

Preprint

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Background: Three dairy farms were investigated for occurrence of retained placenta and subclinical mastitis, and the economic impacts attributable to the conditions. Reproductive performance data from 1169 calvings of dairy cows for five consecutive years spanning from 2014 to 2018 were used in this study. A total of 167 cows were screened with the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and udder quarters with CMT score of ≥ 3 (scale 1–5) were milk sampled for culture and final bacteriological identification. Results: Overall prevalences of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes were 35.93% and 10.35%, respectively. The prevalence of bacterial isolates at animal level was 38.92%. Individual bacteria prevalence rates were 66.15% for Staphylococcus aureus, 13.85% for Escherichia coli, 6.15% for Bacillus spp., 6.15% for Streptococcus agalactiae and 7.69% for none typed microorganisms. Overall loss from subclinical mastitis was estimated at 10,603,800/= Tanzanian shillings (Tshs) equivalent to USD $ 4,700 with major losses (81.75%) attributable to the production loss followed by treatment expenditure (18.25%). Average loss attributed to mastitis per quarter was estimated at 49,320/= Tshs (USD $21.5). Retained placenta resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the period from parturition to conception (148.7 vs. 96.0 days), number of services per conception (2.9 vs. 1.9) and calving interval (434.7 vs. 374.0 days). Conclusion: These findings point out to the economic importance of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes in the dairy industry. This calls for improved milking hygiene, proper attention to health of mammary glands, regular screening tests and application of biosecurity measures as intervention strategies to lower the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and minimize the spread of pathogens in dairy farms. Since retained fetal membrane is an important problem causing great economic losses, appropriate control measures have to be instituted including cow comfort, proper immunization and careful nutritional management (mineral supplementation), particularly during the transition period.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Retained Placenta and Subclinical Mastitis in Tanzanian Dairy Cows

Komba¹,

Kashoma²

2020

Preprint

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“…If that is not possible, the manufacturer recommends refrigerating the milk sample for up to 8 h and permitting the sample to warm to room temperature before testing. Peer-reviewed publications describing the performance of the PortaSCC test in bovine milk have recently become available (Balaji et al, 2016;Iraguha et al, 2017); however, neither study compared the test's performance with a suitable reference method. We hypothesized that the PortaSCC test would provide a more accurate method for diagnosing SCM and IMI in bovine milk than the CMT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of 3 esterase tests for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis at dry-off and freshening in dairy cattle

Kandeel

Megahed

Ebeid

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Subclinical mastitis (SCM) and intramammary infection (IMI) increase esterase activity in the glandular secretions of dairy cattle. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical performance of 3 commercially available esterase tests for diagnosing SCM and IMI. Foremilk samples were collected from 380 quarters (96 cows) at dry-off and from 329 quarters (83 cows) within 4 to 7 d after calving. Quarter somatic cell count (SCC) was measured using the reference method (DeLaval cell counter; De Laval International AB, Tumba, Sweden) with SCM defined as SCC >200,000 cells/mL. Bacterial culture of foremilk samples was used to diagnose IMI based on the growth of ≥100 cfu/mL. The SCC was estimated using 3 PortaSCC tests (PortaCheck, Moorestown, NJ) from the measured esterase activity and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Clinical performance was evaluated using logistic regression to determine the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and identify test sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) at the optimal cut-point for diagnosing SCM and IMI. Test agreement was also evaluated using the kappa coefficient (κ) and weighted κ. The PortaSCC color test was the best-performing PortaSCC test for diagnosing SCM at dry-off (AUC = 0.90, Se = 0.91, Sp = 0.81, κ = 0.71) and at freshening (AUC = 0.86, Se = 0.74, Sp = 0.95, κ = 0.72), at an optimal cut-point of ≥250,000 cells/mL but required 45 min to produce a result. For comparison, the CMT required 2 min to produce a result and a CMT score of trace or higher was superior to the PortaSCC color test for diagnosing SCM at dry-off (AUC = 0.95, Se = 0.95, Sp = 0.86, κ = 0.81) and freshening (AUC = 0.88, Se = 0.79, Sp = 0.95, κ = 0.76). The PortaSCC quick test was the best-performing PortaSCC test for diagnosing IMI at dry-off (AUC = 0.81, Se = 0.81, Sp = 0.78 κ = 0.40) and required 5 min to produce a result, whereas the PortaSCC color test was the best performing PortaSCC test for diagnosing IMI at freshening (AUC = 0.80, Se = 0.75, Sp = 0.79 κ = 0.38). For comparison, the CMT was inferior to the PortaSCC quick test for diagnosing IMI at dry-off (AUC = 0.73, Se = 0.76, Sp = 0.60, κ = 0.20) but was equivalent to the PortaSCC color test at freshening (AUC = 0.79, Se = 0.58, Sp = 0.93, κ = 0.50). The PortaSCC color and quick tests and CMT were considered good tests for diagnosing SCM and IMI because clinically useful tests typically have an AUC >0.80 and κ >0.6. Based on the test sensitivity, cost, and analysis time, there does not appear to be a persuasive reason to select the PortaSCC tests over the traditional CMT for diagnosing SCM and IMI.

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“…However, there is very limited information on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from milk samples obtained from cases of bovine mastitis in Rwanda. Recently, two studies showed a high prevalence of mastitis in the Northern Province and the peri-urban areas of Kigali [12,13], but characterization of causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, both phenotypic and genotypic, have not been performed. Thus, the present study aims to fill these gaps by fully characterizing a collection of bovine staphylococci associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis from the Northern Province and Kigali the District of Rwanda.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Antibiotic and Biocide Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis in Rwanda

et al. 2019

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The present study was conducted from July to August 2018 on milk samples taken at dairy farms in the Northern Province and Kigali District of Rwanda in order to identify Staphylococcus spp. associated with bovine intramammary infection. A total of 161 staphylococcal isolates originating from quarter milk samples of 112 crossbred dairy cattle were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and isolates were examined for the presence of various resistance genes. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were also analyzed for the presence of virulence factors, genotyped by spa typing and further phenotypically subtyped for capsule expression using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Selected S. aureus were characterized using DNA microarray technology, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and whole-genome sequencing. All mecA-positive staphylococci were further genotyped using dru typing. In total, 14 different staphylococcal species were detected, with S. aureus being most prevalent (26.7%), followed by S. xylosus (22.4%) and S. haemolyticus (14.9%). A high number of isolates was resistant to penicillin and tetracycline. Various antimicrobial and biocide resistance genes were detected. Among S. aureus, the Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes, as well as bovine leukocidin (LukM/LukF-P83) genes, were detected in two and three isolates, respectively, of which two also carried the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene tsst-1 bovine variant. t1236 was the predominant spa type. FTIR-based capsule serotyping revealed a high prevalence of non-encapsulated S. aureus isolates (89.5%). The majority of the selected S. aureus isolates belonged to clonal complex (CC) 97 which was determined using DNA microarray based assignment. Three new MLST sequence types were detected.

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Comparison of cow-side diagnostic tests for subclinical mastitis of dairy cows in Musanze district, Rwanda

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Retained Placenta and Subclinical Mastitis in Tanzanian Dairy Cows

Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Retained Placenta and Subclinical Mastitis in Tanzanian Dairy Cows

Evaluation of 3 esterase tests for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis at dry-off and freshening in dairy cattle

Characterization of Antibiotic and Biocide Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis in Rwanda

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