Comparison of different copper–chlorine thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production

Comparison of thermochemical, electrolytic, photoelectrolytic and photochemical solar-to-hydrogen production technologies

“…This indicates a promising potential to improve the overall thermal efficiency for hydrogen production. For example, it was estimated that the efficiency could reach 40e56% for Zn/ZnO cycles [31,33,35,64], 39e45% for Fe 3 O 4 /FeO cycles [31,65], 35e46% for hybrid sulfur cycles [51e53, 66], and 40e60% for SeI and CueCl cycles [41,60,62]. These efficiencies have the potential to compete with current steam methane reforming [60e62].…”

Solar Thermal Water Decomposition

“…Large laboratory scale reactors have been tested successfully. The University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) in Canada is in the lead in reporting new developments on this cycle related process and material development as well as economic evaluation [87][88][89].…”

Water Splitting Technologies for Hydrogen Cogeneration from Nuclear Energy

“…There are several types of Cu-Cl cycles with various numbers of steps from 2 to 5 depending on reaction conditions. Due to the lower efficiency and more engineering challenges of two-, three-and five-step cycles, the following cycle with 4 steps will be considered in this chapter [Wang et al, 2009]:…”

“…Table 5 shows the heat requirements of the Cu-Cl cycle [Wang et al, 2009]. It can be found that different steps occupy different heat percentages.…”