Comparison of Different Sample Types for Salmonella Detection From Chicken Layer Breeder Flocks

Abstract

The object of this study was to detect Salmonella from different chicken samples in same flocks to compare sample types for Salmonella detection by both International Organization for Standardization Method 6579:2002/Amd 1:2007 (ISO) and as molecular by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Salmonellosis is a zoonotic infection and apart from this, infection can be transmitted via vertically to embryo, and this is very important for breeding flocks. A total of 115 samples, comprised of 451 individual samples each pooled into 3, 4, 5 and 6 including 14 drag swabs, 28 pooled wet faeces, 11 pooled embryonated chicken eggs, 62 pooled cloacal swabs, were collected from 14 chicken layer breeding flocks, and tested by culture method (ISO 6579) and conventional PCR. Overall Salmonella infection rate in chicken layer breeder flocks by PCR and culture was 18.2% (21/115). According to sample type, Salmonella rate in culture positive samples were: 0% (0/14) in drag swabs, 90.9% (10/11) in embryonated chicken eggs, 21.4% (6/28) in wet faeces, 8% (5/62) in cloacal swabs. PCR results were in 100% agreement (100% sensitivity and specificity) with culture results. We determined Salmonella rate in 14 chicken layer breeder flocks by using culture and PCR methods, and the use of embryonated chicken eggs and wet faeces samples, respectively in Salmonella detection would yield reliable results. These results indicate that Salmonella screening can be done together with different types of sample. And the most reliable and high results were taken from embryonated chicken egg samples for layer breeding poultry. As a conclusion, Salmonella infection seems to be the major problem in poultry flocks in Turkey, and both conventional culture method and PCR methods were found sensitive for the detection of Salmonella from poultry with different types of sample.

Investigation of Salmonella spp. in Healthy and Diarrheic Cats

“…They stated that the probability of isolation due to other contaminant bacterial strains is lower when cultivated from stool, and the chances of catching positive animals by PCR are higher. Similarly, Çarlı et al (2001) and Kahya et al (2013) found the advantages of PCR in detecting agent in poultry. Olivera et al (2003) compared the standard isolation and post-culture PCR methods and found that the second method is more sensitive and shortens the time required for diagnosis.…”

“…It was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. (Kahya et al, 2013;WHO 2010, Van Immersel et al, 2004. At the end of incubation period, black colonies and black-centered (H2S-positive) colonies with periphere changing from pink to red in XLD Agar; white and red colonies surrounded by red zones in BG Agar, colorless semi-transparent yellowish colonies in MacConkey Agar were evaluated as suspicious.…”

“…In many animal species, including mammals, fish and birds, they are carried asymptomatically in intestines and gallbladder, and discharged continuously or intermittently in the stool. They are also found in mesenteric lymph nodules and tonsils (Kahya et al, 2013;Van Immersel et al, 2004). Environment, food and water are contaminated with discharge from intestines.…”

“…Environment, food and water are contaminated with discharge from intestines. (Kahya et al, 2013;Van Immersel et al, 2004).…”

“…The most important mode of transmission is fecal-oral transmission in cats and dogs. It is also stated that transplacental transmission, inhalative transmission and transcutaneal transmission by wounds during grooming can also occur (Kahya et al, 2013;Van Immersel et al, 2004).It has been reported that carrying birds and mice can play a role in infecting the cats (Philbey et al, 2009;) Clinical symptoms appear after 3-5 days following the transmission. Most cats and dogs recover spontaneously within 3-4 weeks.…”