Comparison of Ergosterol and Vitamin D₂ in Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Cordyceps militaris Using Ultraviolet Irradiation Directly on Dry Powder or in Ethanol Suspension

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is a severe worldwide health issue. Edible mushrooms are an excellent vitamin D2 source and have gained popularity worldwide as a nutritional food. The objective of this study was to investigate the conversion efficiency of ergosterol to vitamin D2 in Agaricus bisporus and Cordyceps militaris mushrooms under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation directly through dry powder or in ethanol suspension (1:20 g/mL, solid to liquid ratio). Several parameters of UV irradiation conditions such as the material form (dry powder or dry powder in ethanol suspension), exposure time (30, 60, or 120 min), wavelength type (UV-C, UV-B, or UV-A), wavelength combination (UV-C plus UV-B, UV-C plus UV-A, UV-B plus UV-A, or UV-C plus UV-B plus UV-A), and wavelength sequence (UV-C → UV-B, UV-C → UV-A, UV-B → UV-A, or UV-C → UV-B → UV-A), were optimized. Under the optimal UV irradiation conditions (dry powder in ethanol suspension irradiated with UV-C at 40 cm for 120 min), vitamin D2 concentrations increased from not detectable to 72 μg/g (dw) in the A. bisporus dry powder and 1104 μg/g (dw) (about 15-fold increase) in the ethanol suspension. After UV irradiation, the vitamin D2 concentration increased from undetectable to 57 μg/g (dw) in the C. militaris dry powder. In contrast, UV irradiation increased the concentration to 877 μg/g (dw) (about 15-fold higher) in the ethanol suspension. Comparison of the effect of various wavelength combinations showed that UV-C irradiation is more effective than UV-A or UV-B. Furthermore, when irradiated by UV-C at a 40 cm irradiation distance in the ethanol suspension, the increase in vitamin D2 in A. bisporus and C. militaris mushrooms was time- or dose-dependent. The conversion rate of vitamin D2 was low to undetectable under dry powder irradiation, but its ergosterol loss rate was higher than in ethanol suspension irradiation. The ergosterol loss rate in dry C. militaris mushrooms was higher than in the dry A. bisporus mushroom powder. Ultraviolet irradiation in ethanol suspension could greatly increase the vitamin D2 concentration than directly on the dry powder and thus make edible mushrooms more practical as a natural vitamin D source for consumers after entirely removing the ethanol.

Immunostimulatory Activity of Cordyceps militaris Fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 Isolated from a Salted Small Octopus in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice and Its Inhibitory Activity against SARS-CoV 3CL Protease

“…Interestingly, we observed that the contents of cordycepin, total flavonoid and β glucan were all increased in GRC fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11, compared to GRC. Recently, it is reported that vitamin D in the Cordyceps militaris exerted the antiviral activity by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 attachment to host cells and increasing the expression of interferon beta [80,81]. Probiotics eradicate the enteric viruses [47].…”

Sustainable Phytosterol Extraction from Codium tomentosum Using Eutectic Solvents

“…Notwithstanding, the higher levels of phytosterols extracted from A. bisporus mushrooms using HES, compared to that obtained from C. tomentosum macroalgae, in the present work, may be related with the different phytosterols contents present in these two biomasses. 20,39 However, for both biomasses, the use of HES proved to be more efficient than the solvents or methods used previously.…”

Effect of different monochromatic lights on nutritional, antioxidant properties and spore microstructure of dried mushroom (Suillus granulatus)

“…(2021) showed that γ‐radiation could maintain the mannose content of Agaricus bisporus powder. UV increased the vitamin D 2 (VD 2 ) content and retained more antioxidant‐active compounds of dried mushroom powders (Hu et al ., 2021; Kaur et al ., 2023). Monochrome visible light is a rich, green, clean and sustainable energy source that can mediate reactions that are difficult to achieve effectively with conventional methods under mild conditions (Zhao et al ., 2021; Li et al ., 2022).…”