Comparison of gel column, card, and cartridge techniques for dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1 blood typing

Abstract

Objective To compare accuracy and ease of use of a card agglutination assay, an immunochromatographic cartridge method, and a gel-based method for canine blood typing. Sample Blood samples from 52 healthy blood donor dogs, 10 dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), and 29 dogs with other diseases. Procedures Blood samples were tested in accordance with manufacturer guidelines. Samples with low PCVs were created by the addition of autologous plasma to separately assess the effects of anemia on test results. Results Compared with a composite reference standard of agreement between 2 methods, the gel-based method was found to be 100% accurate. The card agglutination assay was 89% to 91% accurate, depending on test interpretation, and the immunochromatographic cartridge method was 93% accurate but 100% specific. Errors were observed more frequently in samples from diseased dogs, particularly those with IMHA. In the presence of persistent autoagglutination, dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1.1 typing was not possible, except with the immunochromatographic cartridge method. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The card agglutination assay and immunochromatographic cartridge method, performed by trained personnel, were suitable for in-clinic emergency DEA 1.1 blood typing. There may be errors, particularly for samples from dogs with IMHA, and the immunochromatographic cartridge method may have an advantage of allowing typing of samples with persistent autoagglutination. The laboratory gel-based method would be preferred for routine DEA 1.1 typing of donors and patients if it is available and time permits. Current DEA 1.1 typing techniques appear to be appropriately standardized and easy to use.

DEA1 Expression on Dog Erythrocytes Analyzed by Immunochromatographic and Flow Cytometric Techniques

“…We did not assess the monoclonal anti‐DEA 1 antibodies from Kansas State University that are used in the DEA 1.1 typing cards 2. However, weak and strong typing reactions have also been observed with that typing kit 13, 19…”

Prevalence of Dog Erythrocyte Antigens 1, 4, and 7 in Podenco Ibicenco (Ibizan Hounds) from Ibiza Island

“…This test is sensitive for the detection of DEA 1 and is suited for screening blood donors in a blood bank program [19, 20]. This study used, for only the third time in the canine blood typing, column gel agglutination with polyclonal antibodies for DEA 4 and DEA 7 [21, 22].…”

“…DEA 1 status was determined using a commercially available card agglutination technique (RapidVet-H, Canine DEA 1.1, Agrolabo SpA, Scarmagno, Turin, Italy) according to the manufacturer's instructions and as previously described [19, 20]. The principle of this card-based agglutination test is a visible hemagglutination reaction resulting from the binding of the DEA 1 RBC surface antigen to a murine monoclonal antibody that is lyophilized on the card test.…”

Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1 in galgos (Spanish greyhounds)

“…A limitation of this study was that only one blood typing method was used, however, there is no currently accepted gold standard for canine blood typing (Giger and others 2005) and previous studies have demonstrated that the cartridge kit (Quick Test DEA 1.1, Alvedia, Lyon, France) is accurate (Seth and others 2012, Blois and others 2013) and performs well so long as dogs have haematocrit >40 and do not have immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (Seth and others 2012, Blois and others 2013). Another limitation of this study was that extensive blood typing for multiple DEAs was not performed, however, the blood type of the ideal canine blood donor is not uniformly agreed on among transfusion experts (Hale 1995, Andrews 2006, Tocci and Ewing 2009, Kessler and others 2010).…”