Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs

Levy, Julie; Crawford, P. Cynda; Appel, Leslie D.; Clifford, E

doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.1.140

Cited by 59 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…5 Massive surgical sterilization, one of the most commonly used and recommended population management methods worldwide, 3 can be difficult to implement in regions with economic and logistical restrictions or cultural objections to its practice. 4 In some Latin American countries, for instance, social prejudice against the surgical castration of male dogs can make the implementation of sterilization programs very difficult or focused primarily on female dogs.…”

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“…1,4 Unlike Zeuterin, which is currently approved only for dogs between 3 and 10 months of age, EsterilSol is licensed for any dog over 3 months old. 2 Although safety information for EsterilSol is available, 9 reports on histomorphology of the testicles following administration of identical or similar compounds (such as zinc gluconate with dimethyl sulfoxide or DMSO) 7 describe changes 5 to 7 months after administration 6,7 or include no images.…”

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“…Based on reports of successful intratesticular injection of various forms of zinc gluconate (with arginine, 4,6,9 DMSO,7 or unspecified buffers 9 ), sterilization seems to result from coagulation necrosis 9 followed by massive fibrous (scar) tissue formation accompanied by atrophy or degeneration of the seminiferous tubules detectable 5 7 to 7 8 months after administration. Sterility, evidenced by aspermia (no semen ejaculate), azoospermia (no spermatozoa in ejaculate), necrospermia (dead or motionless spermatozoa in ejaculate), or oligospermia (sperm concentration below 20 million/ml), is reported between 26 days 9 and 4 months 10 postinjection, with some reversion to fertility in less than 1% of cases at 6 months postinjection.…”

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“…1,4,9 The compound is known to cause severe damage if it comes in contact with nontarget tissues. 4 During prelicensing trials, studies on Beagle dogs reported variable occurrence of necrotizing reactions: 38% (5/13), 3% (1/30), and 25% (3/12). 9 Necrotizing orchitis and ulcerative dermatitis, many of which required scrotal ablation, were observed in 1% (3/255) 9 , 3% (78/3000), 1 and 4% (4/103) 4 of treated dogs during sterilization campaigns using Neutersol, yielding an overall prevalence of 2.5% (85/3358).…”

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Necrosuppurative Orchitis and Scrotal Necrotizing Dermatitis Following Intratesticular Administration of Zinc Gluconate Neutralized With Arginine (EsterilSol) in 2 Mixed-Breed Dogs

et al. 2013

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Intratesticular injection of EsterilSol (zinc gluconate neutralized with arginine) is a chemical sterilant for male dogs sometimes used in population control campaigns. Adverse reactions have been reported in 1% to 4% of treated dogs, but detailed histomorphologic descriptions are lacking. During a behavioral study conducted in the Chilean Patagonia in 2012, severe necrosuppurative orchitis and ulcerative dermatitis were observed in 2 of 36 (6%) dogs sterilized with EsterilSol according to the manufacturer's instructions. Reactions were noted on days 8 and 7 postinjection and required scrotal ablation on days 8 and 13, respectively; neither reaction was associated with the injection site. Although self-trauma following administration may have contributed, the cause of the adverse reactions is uncertain. EsterilSol is a relatively uncomplicated method to sterilize male dogs, but the occurrence of severe adverse reactions several days after administration emphasizes the need for the provision of long-term monitoring and veterinary care during sterilization campaigns using this product.

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