Comparison of Kinematic Responses of the Head and Spine for Children and Adults in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

Arbogast, Kristy B.; Balasubramanian, Sriram; Seacrist, Thomas; Maltese, Matthew R.; García-España, J. Felipe; Hopely, Terrence; Constans, Eric; López‐Valdés, Francisco J.; Kent, Richard W.; Tanji, Hiromasa; Higuchi, Kenichi

doi:10.4271/2009-22-0012

Cited by 45 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…However, the focus of this article is on the displacement of various body regions. While studies that perform matched relaxed and braced volunteer tests do not provide excursion data, a study performed by Arbogast et al, 2 in part, investigated the head kinematics of relaxed adult subjects in low-speed frontal sled tests. Adult male subjects (175 ± 7 cm; 80 ± 14 kg) were exposed to impulses of approximately 3.8 g (Dv = 6.9 kph), which is between the low and medium severity impulses used in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Sled pulse magnitudes were selected to ensure the safety of enrolled human volunteers. 2 Several studies that subjected volunteers to accelerations exceeding these values reported subject discomfort and mild injuries. 15,33,37 Approval to conduct the human subject testing presented in the current study was granted by the Virginia Tech Internal Review Board (IRB).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3,5,9,11,12,15,16,19,30,37,43,45,51,55,56,58 Of the multitude of human volunteer sled test series, few have examined the effects of bracing. 3,5,15,[30][31][32]37,45 The vast majority of studies examining the effects of muscle tension focus on either rear-end impacts or whiplash events, 11,12,43,48,[51][52][53]56 the response of the head and neck complex, 9,45,[58][59][60] or the response of the head and spine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,5,15,[30][31][32]37,45 The vast majority of studies examining the effects of muscle tension focus on either rear-end impacts or whiplash events, 11,12,43,48,[51][52][53]56 the response of the head and neck complex, 9,45,[58][59][60] or the response of the head and spine. 2,15 Of the studies that incorporate bracing in frontal sled tests, there is often a focus on the lower extremities. 3,5,37,55 Armstrong et al, 3 Hendler et al, 37 and Begeman et al 5 all showed that the lower extremities could effectively brace a volunteer subjected to frontal acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

et al. 2011

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Continued development of computational models and biofidelic anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) necessitates further analysis of the effects of bracing on an occupant's biomechanical response in automobile collisions. A total of 20 dynamic sled tests were performed, 10 low (2.5 g, Δv = 4.8 kph) and 10 medium severity (5.0 g, Δv = 9.7 kph), with five male human volunteers of approximately 50th percentile male height and weight. Each volunteer was exposed to two impulses at each severity, one relaxed and one braced prior to the impulse. A Vicon motion analysis system, 12 MX-T20 2 megapixel cameras, was used to quantify subject 3D kinematics (±1 mm) (1 kHz). Excursions of select anatomical regions were normalized to their respective initial positions and compared by test condition. At the low severity, bracing significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the forward excursion of the knees, hips, elbows, shoulders, and head (average 35-70%). At the medium severity, bracing significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the forward excursion of the elbows, shoulders, and head (average 36-69%). Although not significant, bracing at the medium severity considerably reduced the forward excursion of the knees and hips (average 18-26%). This study illustrates that bracing has a significant influence on the biomechanical response of human occupants in frontal sled tests and provides novel biomechanical data that can be used to refine and validate computational models and ATDs used to assess injury risk in automotive collisions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

et al. 2011

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“…1. There were two main steps: (1) computer aided design (CAD) modeling and (2) meshing, both of which are summarized below.…”

Section: Charm-10 Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Modeling of Traffic Related Thoracic Injury of a 10-Year-Old Child Using Subject-Specific Modeling Technique

Zhu

Jiang

et al. 2015

Ann Biomed Eng

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Traffic injuries have become a major health-related issue to school-aged children. To study this type of injury with numerical simulations, a finite element model was developed to represent the full body of a 10-year-old (YO) child. The model has been validated against test data at both body-part and full-body levels in previous studies. Representing only the average 10-YO child, this model did not include subject-specific attributes, such as the variations in size and shape among different children. In this paper, a new modeling approach was used to morph this baseline model to a subject-specific model, based on anthropometric data collected from pediatric subjects. This mesh-morphing method was then used to rapidly morph the baseline mesh into the subject-specific geometry while maintaining a good mesh quality. The morphed model was subsequently applied to simulate a real-world motor vehicle crash accident. A lung injury observed in the accident was well captured by the subject-specific model. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed morphing approach to develop subject-specific human models, and confirm their capability in prediction of traffic injuries.

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In vitro coupled motions of the whole human thoracic and lumbar spine with rib cage

et al. 2023

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Study designIn vitro biomechanical study investigating the coupled motions of the whole normative human thoracic spine (TS) and lumbar spine (LS) with rib cage.ObjectiveTo quantify the region‐specific coupled motion patterns and magnitudes of the TS, thoracolumbar junction (TLJ), and LS simultaneously.BackgroundStudying spinal coupled motions is important in understanding the development of complex spinal deformities and providing data for validating computational models. However, coupled motion patterns reported in vitro are controversial, and no quantitative data on region‐specific coupled motions of the whole human TS and LS are available.MethodsPure, unconstrained bending moments of 8 Nm were applied to seven fresh‐frozen human cadaveric TS and LS specimens (mean age: 70.3 ± 11.3 years) with rib cages to elicit flexion‐extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). During each primary motion, region‐specific rotational range of motion (ROM) data were captured.ResultsNo statistically significant, consistent coupled motion patterns were observed during primary FE. During primary LB, there was significant (p < 0.05) ipsilateral AR in the TS and a general pattern of contralateral coupled AR in the TLJ and LS. There was also a tendency for the TS to extend and the LS to flex. During primary AR, significant coupled LB was ipsilateral in the TS and contralateral in both the TLJ and LS. Significant coupled flexion in the LS was also observed. Coupled LB and AR ROMs were not significantly different between the TS and LS or from one another.ConclusionsThe findings support evidence of consistent coupled motion patterns of the TS and LS during LB and AR. These novel data may serve as reference for computational model validations and future in vitro studies investigating spinal deformities and implants.

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Comparison of Kinematic Responses of the Head and Spine for Children and Adults in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests

Computational Modeling of Traffic Related Thoracic Injury of a 10-Year-Old Child Using Subject-Specific Modeling Technique

In vitro coupled motions of the whole human thoracic and lumbar spine with rib cage

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