Comparison of liquid limit values determined using the hard and soft base Casagrande apparatus and the cone penetrometer

Liquid limit of selected postglacial soils from west-central Poland

“…Of 19 re la tion ships pub lished in the lit er a ture (Ta ble 1), 12 tend to be sim i lar to the cor re la tion de rived in the cur rent ar ti cle (Ta ble 2), and the re main ing seven dif fer no tice ably. Seven of the au thors sug gested that the liq uid limit value de ter mined in the cone pen etrom eter is al ways greater than that de ter mined in the Casagrande ap pa ra tus (Sampson and Netterberg, 1985;Wasti and Bezirci, 1986;Queiroz de Carvalho, 1986;Orhan et al, 2006;Dragoni et al, 2008;Fojtová et al, 2009;Di Matteo, 2012), and 12 of them claim that, in the higher range of the w L value (above the point of equiv a lent re sults), the Casagrande ap pa ra tus gives higher w L val ues than the cone pen etrom eter (Wires, 1984;Belviso et al, 1985;Budhu, 1985;Leroueil and Le Bihan, 1996;Sridharan et al, 1999;Özer, 2009;GrÝnbech et al, 2011;Spagnoli, 2012).…”

“…Lab o ra tory test ing car ried out in the cur rent study in cluded mac ro scopic anal y sis of soil sam ples, de ter mi na tion of nat u ral mois ture con tent, grain-size anal y sis us ing both hy drom e ter and sieve meth ods, and de ter mi na tion of the plas tic limit and liq uid limit in the cone pen etrom eter with a 30°/80 g cone and in the Casagrande ap pa ra tus with the so-called hard base (PN-88/B-04481, 1988;PKN-CEN ISO/TS 17892-1, 4, 12, 2009). It needs to be pointed out that the hard ness of the rubber from which the Casagrande ap pa ra tus base is made signif i cantly in flu ences the liq uid limit value (Nor man, 1958;Özer, 2009). The softer the ma te rial from which the base is made, the higher the w L value.…”

“…In ad dition, the test pro ce dure as sumes de ter min ing the depth of pene tra tion as long as two con sec u tive re sults will be nearly iden tical (per mis si ble dif fer ence is 0.4-0.5 mm de pend ing on the type of cone; PKN-CEN ISO/TS 2009). Sev eral at tempts can be found in the lit er a ture to cor re late the re sults ob tained with the Casagrande ap pa ra tus and the cone pen etrom eter (Wires, 1984;Budhu, 1985;Wasti, 1987;Christaras, 1991;Leroueil and Le Bihan, 1996;Suchnicka, 1999;Orhan et al, 2006;Dragoni et al, 2008;Özer, 2009;Fojtová et al, 2009;GrÝnbech et al, 2011;Spagnoli, 2012;Di Matteo, 2012;Jaoekiewicz and Wszêdyrówny-Nast, 2013;Hrube sova et al, 2016), as shown in Ta ble 1 and Fig ure 2. They con cern both nat u ral soils and man-made clay-silt-sand mix tures.…”

Liquid Limit Values Obtained by Different Testing Methods

“…The reference for each equation is presented along with the range of LL values for each case. (Wasti, 1987;Prakash and Sridharan, 2006;Özer, 2009). In general, good agreement is observed for soils within an approximate range of 0%<LL<70%.…”

The value of plasticity index (IP) and liquidity index (IL) of North Polish ablation boulder clays and varved clays depending of the method of its determination

“…In the professional literature worldwide, there are many publications that attempt to correlate the results obtained with the Casagrande apparatus and the cone penetrometer (Wires, 1984;Budhu, 1985;Wasti, 1987;Christaras, 1991;Leroueil & Le Bihan, 1996;Suchnicka, 1999;Ozer & Isik, 2006;Prosperini & Vinti, 2008;Franeková, & Kovàr, 2009;Özer, 2009;Dragoni, Fojtová, Marschalko, Grønbech, Nielsen & Ibsen, 2011;Di Matteo, 2012;Orhan, Spagnoli, 2012;Jaśkiewicz & Wszędyrówny-Nast, 2013;Hrubesova, Lunackova & Brodzki, 2016). They focus mainly on comparing only the w L value.…”