Comparison of Manganese and Iron Oxide-Coated Redox Bars for Characterization of the Redox Status in Wetland Soils

Dorau, Kristof; Eickmeier, Michael; Mansfeldt, Tim

doi:10.1007/s13157-015-0724-5

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The patterns of iron oxide removal included: (i) spots, corresponding to reducing conditions at microsites, (ii) areas of continuous removal, corresponding to the reducing conditions in a whole horizon, (iii) toroidal‐shaped depletion patterns (Jenkinson & Franzmeier, ) similar to that formed by bacterial cultures and (iv) linear depletion patterns (Figure ) , often observed in areas with increased organic matter and microbial activity (Vepraskas & Faulkner, ) related to the occurrence of roots as a source of organic matter (Jenkinson & Franzmeier, ) or because of the activity of phytosiderosphores (Dorau et al ., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Even in a single depleted area of the tubes Dorau et al . () recognize gradients of reducing soil conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five or three IRIS tubes have been used as replicates (Rabenhorst, ; Dorau et al ., , respectively) to account for soil heterogeneity. Sets of five IRIS tubes, 60‐cm long with the lower 50 cm coated, were installed at each site (Figure ) between April and July 2014.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each tube was washed gently in the field with tap water to remove any soil that adhered, and then the tube was photographed three times with the tube rotated 120° between each. Photography was carried out in the field to record the black mottles of ferrous sulphide (FeS) coating (Rabenhorst et al ., ; Dorau et al ., ), which is a metastable mineral under aerated conditions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This field method has been approved by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as a standard method and field indicator of reduced soil conditions in the USA (Rabenhorst, ) in wetland delineations. The IRIS tubes have been used to document reducing conditions in wetland soil (Rabenhorst, ; Dorau & Mansfeldt, ; Dorau et al ., ) and, less frequently, in agricultural soil (Costantini et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing conditions in soil of Gallocanta Lake, northeast Spain

Álamo

Luna

Rabenhorst

2017

European J Soil Science

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Saline wetlands have received limited attention from researchers and this neglect has often resulted in their degradation and limited conservation, and insufficient information to design conservation and management plans. Gallocanta Lake is a nature reserve of international importance for winter birds. The importance of the soil here, which supports niches and protected habitats for certain species of birds, has been recognized more recently. The soil of Gallocanta Lake undergoes strong oscillations of saturation and drainage followed by drying because of irregular rain and variable flooding conditions associated with fluctuations in the level of the lake. This study examined reducing conditions and morphological indicators of reduction in the soil around the lake with indicators of reduction in soils (IRIS) tubes, which are coated with iron oxides. We surveyed five sites for between 22 and 34 weeks. The average amount of iron removed from the IRIS tubes during the period studied ranged between 4 and 96%. The intensity of reduction in the soil differs according to subtle topographic differences between sites; it increases with the decrease in elevation. The large soil salinity (electrical conductivity saturated soil extract, ECe, from 18.1 to 182 dS m–1), carbonate‐rich composition (from 18.4 to 69.7% calcium carbonate equivalent, CCE) and overall small organic matter content (from 0.4 to 6.2% organic matter) do not seem to constrain iron mobilization because of the reducing conditions. Differences in iron depletion and patterns on the IRIS tubes show the heterogeneity of soil conditions and the complexity of factors involved in redox processes. Further research is needed to gain knowledge of the redox processes in the context of pedogenesis in semiarid lacustrine environments. Highlights How soil intermittently exposed to waterlogging expresses redox conditions. Current reducing conditions are evident in a fluctuating saline lake by IRIS tubes. Soil reduction occurs in alkaline soil with intermittent waterlogging. IRIS tubes are suitable field indicators of the heterogeneity of soil reducing conditions in saline lakes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Even in a single depleted area of the tubes Dorau et al . () recognize gradients of reducing soil conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing conditions in soil of Gallocanta Lake, northeast Spain

Álamo

Luna

Rabenhorst

2017

European J Soil Science

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Camera illustration of Indicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) reduction dynamics

LeFevre

Knappenberger

Shaw

et al. 2021

Agricultural & Env Letters

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Indicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) tubes or films are used with coatings of iron or manganese oxide to observe depth or occurrence of reducing conditions, with coating removal often assessed weekly. We evaluated the use of a rhizosphere camera to capture iron and manganese reduction (coating removal) at high temporal resolution. A rhizosphere tube was coated with iron and manganese oxide (two sections of each oxide) and inserted into a saturated column filled with a surface horizon from a wet soil (Fluvaquent). Images were taken hourly over 28 d and compared with Eh and pH data. Reducing conditions were observed for manganese and iron after 1 and 4 d, respectively. This technology builds upon an existing approach and could be used to evaluate real‐time reducing soil conditions with IRIS as well as to improve oxide coating composition and tube/film development (e.g., coating thickness).

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Iron monosulfide identification: Field techniques to provide evidence of reducing conditions in soils

Duball

Vaughan

Berkowitz

et al. 2020

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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The accurate and timely identification of soil morphological indicators of anaerobic conditions is critical for the proper documentation of hydric soils and prolonged soil saturation. Iron monosulfide (FeS) forms under anaerobic conditions following complexation of Fe and reduced S to form insoluble, black to very dark gray (value ≤ 4, chroma ≤ 1) concentrations and/or soil coatings. These features are observable as soft masses or pore linings or are dispersed throughout the soil matrix in the form of concentrated zones of FeS. Variation in soil and environmental conditions result in a wide range of FeS expression from <1 to 100% coverage of the soil matrix. We seek to explain the environmental conditions required for FeS formation and describe diagnostic methods to document FeS in a field setting. Field identification of FeS can be performed through an oxidized color change test (either ambient air or the application of 3% H 2 O 2 ) and via the evolution of H 2 S after the application of 1 M HCl. The use of Indicator of Reduction in Soil (IRIS) devices provides additional supporting evidence of S reducing conditions in soils and thus environmental conditions conducive to FeS formation when other necessary constituents are present. The concepts and techniques outlined in this review can serve as useful resources to inform our understanding of belowground redox chemistry and facilitate the accurate identification of FeS in wet soil environments.

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Comparison of Manganese and Iron Oxide-Coated Redox Bars for Characterization of the Redox Status in Wetland Soils

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Reducing conditions in soil of Gallocanta Lake, northeast Spain

Reducing conditions in soil of Gallocanta Lake, northeast Spain

Camera illustration of Indicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) reduction dynamics

Iron monosulfide identification: Field techniques to provide evidence of reducing conditions in soils

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