“…Productivity describes the level of effectiveness of an organization in achieving its goals by using available resources (Pritchard et al , 2008). Productivity dimensions include output per input (Abramo and D’Angelo, 2014; Grant and Lewison, 1997; Hinrichs-Krapels and Grant, 2016; Prathap and Ratnavelu, 2015), ratio of PhD student to total students (Marconi and Ritzen, 2015), citation to publication ratio (Avanesova and Shamliyan, 2018; Eskrootchi and Sanee, 2018; Ke et al , 2016; Perry, 2017; Sadeghi-Bazargani et al , 2019; Zharova et al , 2018) and ratio of granted patents to registered patents (McAleer and Slottje, 2005).…”