Comparison of Mitochondrial Respiration in M. triceps brachii and M. vastus lateralis Between Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Physically Active Controls

Berg, Jonathan; Undebakke, Vidar; Rasch-Halvorsen, Øystein; Aakerøy, Lars; Sandbakk, Øyvind; Tjønna, Arnt Erik

doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00365

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The 7 studies collected samples from the muscle groups gastrocnemius, soleus, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, lumbar multifidus, erector spinae, and upper trapezius. 11,32,[35][36][37][38][39] The terms used in the majority to describe the location of the vastus lateralis were "mid-belly," "middle portion," "mid-point," and "lateral aspect." Other authors described the selected location on the vastus lateralis as "1/3 or 2/3 the distance from the patella to anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)" or "50% the distance from the greater trochanter to the lateral femoral epicondyle."…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35,36,45,46,48,50,70 One study reported measuring skinfold thickness to estimate the depth of the biopsy needle 69 ; however, they did not report their protocol. Prior to the introduction of the microbiopsy needle, numerous authors reported that an incision was made in the skin and fascia with a hypodermic needle (14, 18, and 23 G) 23,50,71,72 or a co-axial/ cannula introducer 35,37,55,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79] to create or maintain a "pilot hole" for multiple passes if the study design required larger sample size (mg) per time point for analysis. Other authors did not report how skin and fascia were incised to admit a microbiopsy needle into the muscle.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the 85 studies selected, only 7 studies utilized a muscle region that was not the traditionally and frequently selected vastus lateralis muscle group while the majority of studies (~92%) of the studies assessed utilized the microbiopsy protocol sampling from the vastus lateralis muscle group. The 7 studies collected samples from the muscle groups gastrocnemius , soleus , latissimus dorsi , triceps brachii , lumbar multifidus , erector spinae, and upper trapezius 11,32,35–39 . The terms used in the majority to describe the location of the vastus lateralis were “ mid‐belly ,” “ middle portion ,” “ mid‐point ,” and “ lateral aspect .” Other authors described the selected location on the vastus lateralis as “ 1/3 or 2/3 the distance from the patella to anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) ” or “ 50% the distance from the greater trochanter to the lateral femoral epicondyle .” A recent report by Chen et al (2019) identified biopsy sites of the vastus lateralis from cadavers that had the lowest density of neurovascular branches with the intent of minimizing any potential complications and adverse events.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority (74) of the studies frequently reported that muscle samples were “ immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ) and cryopreserved in ‐80 °C until further analysis .” One study reported the use of freezing samples with dry ice (Table 7). 86 The other studies either did not report preservation procedures, their analysis quickly followed (i.e., electron microscope) 36,56,87,88 the microbiopsy procedure, or the sample was placed in a DNA/RNA preservation solution (BIOPS, RNAlater, and Allprotect®) 31,37,89 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The skeletal muscle microbiopsy method in exercise and sports science research: A narrative and methodological review

Newmire

Willoughby

2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Background The skeletal muscle microbiopsy protocol was introduced to the Exercise and Sports Science (ESS) research field in 1999 and has been used as a protocol to directly examine muscular structural and biochemical changes. There is much variation in the reporting of the microbiopsy protocol and its related pre‐ and post‐procedure for participant care and sample collection. The purpose of this narrative and methodological review is to compare the microbiopsy to the traditional Bergström protocol used in the ESS field, identify and summarize all related microbiopsy protocols used in previous ESS studies and determine the most frequently used microbiopsy protocols aspects and associated pre‐ and post‐biopsy procedures. Methods A review of literature up to January 2022 was used following the PRISMA and Cochrane Methodological Review Guide to determine frequently used methods that may facilitate optimal and potential recommendations for muscle microbiopsy needle gauge (G), concentration or dose (% or ml) and administration of local anesthetic, co‐axial/cannula introducer gauge (G), muscle depth (cm), muscle sample size collected (mg), passes to collect samples, time points of muscle sampling, and promotion of participant compliance and minimization of adverse events. Results Eighty‐five articles were selected based on the inclusionary requirements related to the ESS field or methodological considerations. The most frequently reported aspects in previous research to suggest the location of the vastus lateralis is the midpoint between the patella and the greater trochanter of the femur or 1/3 or 2/3 the distance from the patella to anterior superior iliac spine, 14 G biopsy needle, subcutaneous injected lidocaine administration (2 ml, 1%), 13 G co‐axial/cannula, 1–2 cm muscle depth, 10–20 mg of muscle sample, ~3‐time points, and 2–3 passes. Discussion There is much variation in the reporting of the microbiopsy protocol and its related pre‐ and post‐biopsy procedures. Standardization in reporting may promote recommendations to optimize data integrity, participant safety, participant adherence to the study design, and increase reproducibility. Recommendations are made for the microbiopsy procedure based on frequently reported characteristics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The skeletal muscle microbiopsy method in exercise and sports science research: A narrative and methodological review

Newmire

Willoughby

2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Therefore, upper-body muscles are reported to extract ~10% lower O 2 than leg muscles (Calbet et al, 2005 ) and contribute, together with a lower vascular conductance (Calbet et al, 2004 ), to lower VO 2peak values in DP compared to running (Losnegard et al, 2019 ). Recently, Berg et al ( 2019 ) found higher mitochondrial respiration in the upper body but equal in the lower body when comparing XC skiers and physically active controls. It may be hypothesized that the average DP-VO 2peak /RUN-VO 2max ratio among LDS in this study, which to our knowledge is the highest ever reported in the literature (Losnegard, 2019 ), is due to the high volumes of DP-specific training in LDS which may further increase O 2 extraction and/or enhance mitochondrial respiration in upper-body muscles beyond what has previously been shown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Comparison of Double Poling Physiology and Kinematics Between Long-Distance and All-Round Cross-Country Skiers

Torvik

Sandbakk

Tillaar

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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PurposeThe objective of this study was to compare physiological and kinematic responses to double poling (DP) between long-distance (LDS) and all-round (ARS) cross-country skiers.MethodsA number of five world-class LDS (28.8 ± 5.1 years, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 70.4 ± 2.9 ml·kg−1·min−1) and seven ARS (22.3 ± 2.8 years, VO2max: 69.1 ± 4.2 ml·kg−1·min−1) athletes having similar training volumes and VO2max performed three identical tests; (1) submaximal and incremental tests to exhaustion while treadmill DP to determine gross efficiency (GE), peak oxygen uptake (DP-VO2peak), and peak speed; (2) submaximal and incremental running tests to exhaustion to determine GE, VO2max (RUN-VO2max), and peak speed; and (3) an upper-body pull-down exercise to determine one repetition maximum (1RM) and peak power. Physiological responses were determined during both DP and running, together with the assessments of kinematic responses and electromyography (EMG) of selected muscles during DP.ResultsCompared to ARS, LDS reached higher peak speed (22.1 ± 1.0 vs. 20.7 ± 0.9 km·h−1, p = 0.030), DP-VO2peak (68.3 ± 2.1 vs. 65.1 ± 2.7 ml·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.050), and DP-VO2peak/RUN-VO2max ratio (97 vs. 94%, p = 0.075) during incremental DP to exhaustion, as well as higher GE (17.2 vs. 15.9%, p = 0.029) during submaximal DP. There were no significant differences in cycle length or cycle rate between the groups during submaximal DP, although LDS displayed longer relative poling times (~2.4% points) at most speeds compared to ARS (p = 0.015). However, group × speed interaction effects (p < 0.05) were found for pole angle and vertical fluctuation of body center of mass, with LDS maintaining a more upright body position and more vertical pole angles at touchdown and lift-off at faster speeds. ARS displayed slightly higher normalized EMG amplitude than LDS in the muscles rectus abdominis (p = 0.074) and biceps femoris (p = 0.027). LDS performed slightly better on 1RM upper-body strength (122 vs. 114 kg, p = 0.198), with no group differences in power in the pull-down exercise.ConclusionsThe combination of better DP-specific aerobic energy delivery capacity, efficiency, and technical solutions seems to contribute to the superior DP performance found among specialized LDS in comparison with ARS.

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State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

Lavin

Coen

Baptista

et al. 2022

Comprehensive Physiology

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For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort.

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Comparison of Mitochondrial Respiration in M. triceps brachii and M. vastus lateralis Between Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Physically Active Controls

Cited by 3 publications

References 55 publications

The skeletal muscle microbiopsy method in exercise and sports science research: A narrative and methodological review

The skeletal muscle microbiopsy method in exercise and sports science research: A narrative and methodological review

A Comparison of Double Poling Physiology and Kinematics Between Long-Distance and All-Round Cross-Country Skiers

State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

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