Comparison of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial resistance in various grades of medical students

Abstract

Background: Background Sulbactam irreversibly inhibits the hydrolytic activity of beta-lactamases. This compound is commercially available in combination with either ampicillin or cefoperazone. In each instance, the activity of the partner antibiotic against beta-lactamase producing bacteria is restored. In this context the present study was aimed to find out the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of GNB against cefaperazone-sulbactam and to correlate its activity against commonly used antimicrobials for treatment of GNB.Methods: All Gram negative bacilli isolated from different clinical samples during a period of three months were tested against cefaperazone-sulbactam, meropenem, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, chloromphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, amikacin, gentamycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, nitrofuratoin, aztreonam, carbenicillin, piperacillin and tobramycin using standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing method. The susceptibility was recorded as susceptible, intermediate susceptible and resistant by measuring the zone of inhibition they showed. The data were recorded in Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed in terms of percentage.Results: A total of 406 Gram negative bacilli were isolated from different clinical samples. Majority of samples were from females (59.4%). The mean age of patient's was 34.85. Out of 15 different species of GNB, Escherichia coli was the frequent isolate (56.4%), followed by Acinetobacter anitratus (17.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.1%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (5.9%). Almost all were isolated from urine (66.7%), pus (19.2%) and blood (7.9%). Ten percent of isolates were resistant to meropenem, which was the least resistant drug, followed by cefaperazone-sulbactam (14.7%) followed by amikacin (26.25%), chloromphenicol (38.46%). Isolates showed high degree of resistance against cephalosporins ranging from 73% to 96%. Conclusion:Gram negative bacilli showed high level of susceptibility towards cefaperazone-sulbactam combination. It can be considered as a cheap alternative in treatment of severe infections caused by gram negative bacilli in our setting which would reduce the cost of other expensive antimicrobials agents.

The Dynamic of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage in Central Iran

“…The results indicated that generally (20.8%), healthy people who are in this region are frequent carriers of S. aureus . The rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus was 31.1% in Brazil ( 21 ) and in a study performed in Hamedan (Iran), this rate was 25.2% ( 22 ). In another study in Iran, the frequency of nasal carriage at the admission time in pediatrics hospital was 20.7% ( 23 ).…”

Assessment of the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus carriers and its antibiotic susceptibility in paramedical students in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran

“…In Ghasemian study, there was no significant relationship between age, gender, and work experience with nasal carriage (20). In addition, Hashemi showed that there was no significant association between the incidence of bacteria carriers and the employment duration in hospital personnel (15). In this study, 60% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant of which, 2.9% was in students who had not entered the hospital (new entrants) and 2.1% was in students who had entered the hospital and there was no statistically significant difference between these two groups.…”

“…There is no similar study on nursing, midwifery, paramedical students, but the prevalence of nasal carriage in this study was lower than the previous studies on medical students and mostly healthcare workers across the country. The prevalence of nasal carriage in various medical schools in Hamedan was 25.2% (15). This value was 31.7% among health care workers in Hamedan, and 31% in Tehran (16).…”