Comparison of neural activity that leads to true memories, false memories, and forgetting: An fMRI study of the misinformation effect

Baym, Carol L.; Gonsalves, Brian D.

doi:10.3758/cabn.10.3.339

Cited by 32 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The memory distortion effects we observed here in some ways resemble those that occur in the postevent misinformation paradigm (2), in which erroneous information presented after encoding contributes to later false memories because of source-memory confusion. During encoding of misinformation, some studies have shown recruitment of anterior and posterior midline regions that protect true memories (51), and hippocampal recruitment that supports the formation of false memories (52). Our results converge with these findings, but further indicate that neural recruitment that differentiates subsequent true and false memories during presentation of novel information depends on the extent to which memory for the original experience is reactivated rather than source confusion between the presence or absence of a lure.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…is associated with subsequent false recognition of novel related items (e.g., alarm clock) (48), and contextual reinstatement of scene-related activity in the posterior parahippocampal cortex underlies subsequent misattributions in memory (49). Further, manipulating contextual memory engrams in the hippocampus has been shown to implant false fear memories to reactivated contexts in mice (50), which is consistent with functional neuroimaging studies in humans, pointing to the contribution of the hippocampus in the formation of false memories (51)(52)(53).…”

Section: Significancesupporting

confidence: 64%

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Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory

Jacques

Olm

Schacter

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We remember a considerable number of personal experiences because we are frequently reminded of them, a process known as memory reactivation. Although memory reactivation helps to stabilize and update memories, reactivation may also introduce distortions if novel information becomes incorporated with memory. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating reactivationinduced updating in memory for events experienced during a museum tour. During scanning, participants were shown target photographs to reactivate memories from the museum tour followed by a novel lure photograph from an alternate tour. Later, participants were presented with target and lure photographs and asked to determine whether the photographs showed a stop they visited during the tour. We used a subsequent memory analysis to examine neural recruitment during reactivation that was associated with later true and false memories. We predicted that the quality of reactivation, as determined by online ratings of subjective recollection, would increase subsequent true memories but also facilitate incorporation of the lure photograph, thereby increasing subsequent false memories. The fMRI results revealed that the quality of reactivation modulated subsequent true and false memories via recruitment of left posterior parahippocampal, bilateral retrosplenial, and bilateral posterior inferior parietal cortices. However, the timing of neural recruitment and the way in which memories were reactivated contributed to differences in whether memory reactivation led to distortions or not. These data reveal the neural mechanisms recruited during memory reactivation that modify how memories will be subsequently retrieved, supporting the flexible and dynamic aspects of memory.autobiographical memory | false memory | episodic memory R esearch in psychology and neuroscience supports the idea that memory is not an exact reproduction of past experiences, but is instead a constructive process subject to a variety of errors and distortions (1-8). Both in the laboratory and everyday life, much evidence shows that people sometimes remember events differently from the way they actually unfolded and under some conditions remember events that never happened (9-12). Memory distortions can have serious consequences in everyday life, as illustrated by the frequent involvement of eyewitness memory errors (13) in wrongful convictions of individuals who were eventually exonerated on the basis of DNA evidence (14).Memory distortions are often viewed as flaws in the memory system or as evidence of impairment, and there is evidence consistent with this view: increased susceptibility to memory distortions has been linked with such phenomena as low intelligence (15), frontal-lobe damage (16-18), and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (19). An alternative approach characterizes memory distortions as byproducts of otherwise adaptive features of memory. An early example of this approach comes from Bartlett (7), who theorized t...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Significancesupporting

confidence: 64%

Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory

Jacques

Olm

Schacter

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Occipito-temporal regions including left middle occipital cortex showed greater activity for encoding supporting accurate recognition as opposed to gist memory, consistent with reports that visual processing supports later item-specific memory for visually presented stimuli (Baym and Gonsalves, 2010;Kim and Cabeza, 2007;Kim, 2011). Posterior LIFG was also found to be engaged in encoding predicting accurate recognition, consistent with Kim's (2011) meta-analysis of 74 subsequent memory studies.…”

Section: Item-specific and Gist Encodingsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The same studies have found that encoding predicting true recognition engages visual cortex, e.g. bilateral fusiform gyri, inferior temporal cortex and LOC (Baym and Gonsalves, 2010;Garoff et al, 2005;Kim and Cabeza, 2007), suggesting additional perceptual processing may aid in formation of item-specific memory. These regions associated with encoding predicting true and false recognition are similar to those which in the fMRA studies discussed above were associated with sensitivity and invariance to perceptual change, respectively (Fairhall et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2009;Koutstaal et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Several fMRI studies have shown differences in encoding activity according to whether later memory is item-specific or gist-based. Activity in LIFG (Garoff et al, 2005;Kim and Cabeza, 2007;Kubota et al, 2006) and left superior temporal gyrus (Baym and Gonsalves, 2010) has been found to predict subsequent false recognition of images and visually presented words which are semantically similar to studied items, relative to subsequent forgetting. The assumption that this reflects semantic gist processing is consistent with behavioural studies showing that emphasis on semantic processing at encoding contributes to greater likelihood of false memory (Koutstaal and Schacter, 1997;Roediger and McDermott, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cortical pattern separation and item-specific memory encoding

Pidgeon

Morcom

2016

Neuropsychologia

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Pattern separation and pattern completion are fundamental brain processes thought to be critical for episodic memory encoding and retrieval, and for discrimination between similar memories. These processes are best understood in the hippocampus, but are proposed to occur throughout the brain, in particular in sensory regions. Cortical, as well as hippocampal, pattern separation may therefore support formation of event-unique memory traces. Using fMRI, we investigated cortical pattern separation and pattern completion and their relationship to encoding activity predicting subsequent item-specific compared to gist memory. During scanning, participants viewed images of novel objects, repeated objects, and objects which were both perceptually and conceptually similar to previously presented images, while performing a size judgement task. In a later surprise recognition test, they judged whether test items were 'same' 'similar' or 'new' relative to studied items. Activity consistent with pattern separation -responses to similar items as if novel -was observed in bilateral occipito-temporal cortex. Activity consistent with pattern completion -responses to similar items as if repeated -was observed in left prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Curve fitting analysis further revealed that graded responses to change in image conceptual and perceptual similarity in bilateral prefrontal and right parietal regions met specific computational predictions for pattern separation for one or both of these similarity dimensions. Functional overlap between encoding activity predicting subsequent item-specific recognition and pattern separation activity was also observed in left occipital cortex and bilateral inferior frontal cortex. The findings suggest that extrahippocampal regions including sensory and prefrontal cortex contribute to pattern separation and pattern completion of visual input, consistent with the proposal that cortical pattern separation contributes to formation of item-specific memory traces, facilitating accurate recognition memory.

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