Comparison of Olestra Absorption in Guinea Pigs with Normal and Compromised Gastrointestinal Tracts

Daher, G. C.; Lawson, K. D.; Long, P. H.; Tallmadge, D. H.; Boothe, A. D.; Vaderploeg, P.; Miller, K. W.

doi:10.1093/toxsci/39.2.138

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A study in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease showed that mucosal damage did not result in absorption of olestra (52). Guinea pigs with gastrointestinal tract lesions from consumption of poligeenan did not absorb 14 C-labeled olestra as shown by analyses of tissue lipids and sucrose in urine.…”

Section: Olestra Ingestion and Gastrointestinal Transitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olestra formulation and the gastrointestinal tract

Jandacek

Kester

Papa

et al. 1999

Lipids

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Olestra is a mixture of compounds comprising sucrose esterified with 6-8 long-chain fatty acids. It is not hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and as a result is not absorbed from the small intestine. Olestra in general has physical properties similar to those of a triacylglycerol with the same fatty acid composition. Foods made with olestra are virtually identical in taste and texture to those made with typical triacylglycerols. Olestra consumption does not generate hydrolytic products in the small intestine and, therefore, does not generate some of the signals that alter motility in the gastrointestinal tract. A reduction in gastroesophageal reflux with olestra, in contrast to triacylglycerols, is consistent with a lack of effect on stomach emptying. Unlike triacylglycerols that are absorbed in the proximal small intestine, olestra is distributed throughout the small intestine during transit and passes into the colon. In the colon, olestra's effects depend on its physical properties. Liquid nondigestible lipids result in separation of oil from the fecal matrix. Olestra formulations made with specific fatty acid compositions, particularly those containing a solid sucrose polyester component including behenic acid, possess appropriate rheology to hinder separation of oil from the rest of the fecal matrix, thereby reducing gastrointestinal symptoms.

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Section: Olestra Ingestion and Gastrointestinal Transitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olestra formulation and the gastrointestinal tract

Jandacek

Kester

Papa

et al. 1999

Lipids

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show abstract

“…The fatty acids used to make olestra can be derived from any vegetable oil. The molecular structure of olestra 1 is such that it is not broken down by digestive enzymes, 2 and is not absorbed across an intact 3 –5 or structurally compromised gastrointestinal tract 6 . As a result, olestra passes unchanged into the colon and is excreted 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: olestra and its gastrointestinal safety

Thomson

Hunt

Zorich

1998

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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Olestra is a fat substitute made from sucrose and vegetable oil. Olestra is neither digested nor absorbed, and therefore adds no calories or fat to the diet. Because the gut is the only organ that is exposed to olestra, the potential for olestra to affect gastrointestinal structure and function, and the absorption of nutrients from the gut, has been investigated. Histological evaluations performed after long-term feeding studies have shown no indications that olestra causes injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa. Olestra is not metabolized by the colonic microflora, and has no meaningful effects on the metabolic function of these organisms. Studies of gastrointestinal transit have shown that the consumption of olestra with food does not affect gastric emptying, or small or large bowel transit times. Olestra does not affect the absorption of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins or minerals. It causes a dose-responsive decrease in the availability of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K; however, this potentially adverse effect is offset by the addition of vitamins to olestra-containing foods. Olestra has no consistent effect on the amount of total bile acids excreted in the faeces, and therefore probably has no significant effect on bile acid absorption. The occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, loose stools, gas and abdominal cramping, after consumption of olestra under ordinary snacking conditions is comparable to that following consumption of triglyceride-containing snacks.

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The Role of Carrageenan in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Allergic Reactions: Where Do We Stand?

et al. 2021

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Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds, composed of D-galactose residues linked in β-1,4 and α-1,3 galactose-galactose bond, widely used as a food additive in processed foods for its properties as a thickener, gelling agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. In recent years, with the spread of the Western diet (WD), its consumption has increased. Nonetheless, there is a debate on its safety. CGN is extensively used as an inflammatory and adjuvant agent in vitro and in animal experimental models for the investigation of immune processes or to assess the activity of anti-inflammatory drugs. CGN can activate the innate immune pathways of inflammation, alter the gut microbiota composition and the thickness of the mucus barrier. Clinical evidence suggests that CGN is involved in the pathogenesis and clinical management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), indeed food-exclusion diets can be an effective therapy for disease remission. Moreover, specific IgE to the oligosaccharide α-Gal has been associated with allergic reactions commonly referred to as the “α-Gal syndrome”. This review aims to discuss the role of carrageenan in inflammatory bowel diseases and allergic reactions following the current evidence. Furthermore, as no definitive data are available on the safety and the effects of CGN, we suggest gaps to be filled and advise to limit the human exposure to CGN by reducing the consumption of ultra-processed foods.

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Comparison of Olestra Absorption in Guinea Pigs with Normal and Compromised Gastrointestinal Tracts

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Olestra formulation and the gastrointestinal tract

Olestra formulation and the gastrointestinal tract

Review article: olestra and its gastrointestinal safety

The Role of Carrageenan in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Allergic Reactions: Where Do We Stand?

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