Comparison of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Seasonal Influenza, Western Australia, 2009

Carcione, Dale; Giele, Carolien; Dowse, Gary K.; Mak, Donna B; Goggin, Leigh S.; Kwan, Kelly; Williams, Simon H.; Smith, David W.; Effler, Paul V.

doi:10.3201/eid1609.100076

Cited by 48 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This results is contrary to previous reports on hospitalized patients (25,27,(37)(38)(39), which showed that A(H1N1)pdm09 infection was associated with a higher percentage of severe cases and mortality. However, reports from Australia (40), Hong Kong (41), and Japan (32) were consistent with our study. The reason for the difference between different studies may be mainly due to the subjects included in the studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

A Prospective Comparison of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza A Virus and Seasonal Influenza A Viruses in Guangzhou, South China in 2009

et al. 2012

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

A Prospective Comparison of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza A Virus and Seasonal Influenza A Viruses in Guangzhou, South China in 2009

et al. 2012

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“…Our findings showed that the rate of positive influenza virus was the same as the range described in Malaysia, Taiwan, and Western Australia studies (2,11,13).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Relative Frequency of Seasonal Influenza A and B in Khuzestan Province by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) During 2009-2010

Hajikhezri

Makvndi

Samarbafzadeh

et al. 2013

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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“…Compared to infections with circulating seasonal influenza A and B virus strains, infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was associated with more severe disease in some human studies (19) but with comparable disease in others (20,21). Comparisons of disease severities and immune responses induced by infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and seasonal influenza A virus strains are limited in animal models (14,22,23), with no studies focusing on coexistent influenza A and B virus strains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Localized Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract of Ferrets following Infection with Influenza A and B Viruses

Carolan

Rockman

Borg

et al. 2016

J Virol

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The burden of infection with seasonal influenza viruses is significant. Each year is typically characterized by the dominance of one (sub)type or lineage of influenza A or B virus, respectively. The incidence of disease varies annually, and while this may be attributed to a particular virus strain or subtype, the impacts of prior immunity, population differences, and variations in clinical assessment are also important. To improve our understanding of the impacts of seasonal influenza viruses, we directly compared clinical symptoms, virus shedding, and expression of cytokines, chemokines, and immune mediators in the upper respiratory tract (URT) of ferrets infected with contemporary A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), or influenza B virus. Gene expression in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) was also assessed. Clinical symptoms were minimal. Overall cytokine/chemokine profiles in the URT were consistent in pattern and magnitude between animals infected with influenza A and B viruses, and peak expression levels of interleukin-1␣ (IL-1␣), IL-1␤, IL-6, IL-12p40, alpha interferon (IFN-␣), IFN-␤, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) mRNAs correlated with peak levels of viral shedding. MCP1 and IFN-␥ were expressed after the virus peak. Granzymes A and B and IL-10 reached peak expression as the virus was cleared and seroconversion was detected. Cytokine/chemokine gene expression in the LRT following A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection reflected the observations seen for the URT but was delayed 2 or 3 days, as was virus replication. These data indicate that disease severities and localized immune responses following infection with seasonal influenza A and B viruses are similar, suggesting that other factors are likely to modulate the incidence and impact of seasonal influenza. IMPORTANCEBoth influenza A and B viruses cocirculate in the human population, and annual influenza seasons are typically dominated by an influenza A virus subtype or an influenza B virus lineage. Surveillance data indicate that the burden of disease is higher in some seasons, yet it is unclear whether this is due to specific virus strains or to other factors, such as cross-reactive immunity or clinical definitions of influenza. We directly compared disease severities and localized inflammatory responses to different seasonal influenza virus strains, including the 2009 pandemic strain, in healthy naive ferrets. We found that the disease severities and the cytokine and chemokine responses were similar irrespective of the seasonal strain or the location of the infection in the respiratory tract. This suggests that factors other than the immune response to a particular virus (sub)type contribute to the variable impact of influenza virus infection in a population. Morbidity and mortality associated with human influenza virus infection are significant worldwide. Influenza is caused by three virus types (A, B, and C), among which types A and B are responsible for most of the diagnosed cases of seasonal influenza. Influenza A viruses attract the greatest attentio...

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Comparison of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Seasonal Influenza, Western Australia, 2009

Abstract: TOC summary: Infections were similar in terms of symptoms, risk factors, and proportion of patients hospitalized.

Cited by 48 publications

References 22 publications

A Prospective Comparison of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza A Virus and Seasonal Influenza A Viruses in Guangzhou, South China in 2009

A Prospective Comparison of the Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza A Virus and Seasonal Influenza A Viruses in Guangzhou, South China in 2009

Relative Frequency of Seasonal Influenza A and B in Khuzestan Province by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) During 2009-2010

Characterization of the Localized Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract of Ferrets following Infection with Influenza A and B Viruses

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