Comparison of perceived barriers to entrepreneurship in Eastern and Western European countries

Entrepreneurial-intention constraint model: A comparative analysis among post-graduate management students in India, Singapore and Malaysia

“…Robertson et al (2003) also found the fear of debt and failure, along with the difficulties in obtaining finance, to be significant obstacles in starting the business. On similar lines, Smith (1999) found that fear of business failure is one of the major hurdles to start a business and Iakovleva et al (2014) found cognitive barriers represented by lack of competence and lack of skills impeding business startup. Indeed, risk perception is one of the major endogenous barriers for would-be entrepreneurs (Trivedi et al 2011).…”

Students’ perceptions of barriers to entrepreneurship

“…Personality traits like motivation (Iakovleva et al, 2014), courage and volition (Birdthistle, 2008), self-efficacy (Boyd & Vozikis, 1994;Zhao, 2005), confidence and fear, either in financial terms (Finnerty & Krzystofik, 1985) or in terms of risk avoidance (Giacomin et al, 2011;Singh Sandhu et al, 2011), are examined by many authors and are found to act either as drivers or as impediments to entrepreneurial intentions. For example, lack of motivation, lack of courage, lack of self-efficacy or confidence can act as personality constraints to one's engagement to self-employment.…”

“…Lack of social support (Baughn & Neupert, 2003), and family commitments (Martins et al, 2004;Finnerty & Krzystofik, 1985), are other informal factors that may act as barriers to entrepreneurship. Informal support is measured through Subjective-Social norm construct (Ajzen, 1991), which differentiates among different cultures ) and may act as a barrier under circumstances (Iakovleva et al, 2014). Formal support, includes institutional support, like funding, subsidies, consulting and service support, mostly referred by actual entrepreneurs (Akehurst et al, 2012).…”

“…Market related barriers, include the lack of social network (Singh Sandhu et al, 2011), lack of knowledge of the market ), difficulty to contact or find customers (Ledyaeva et al, 2008;Birdthistle 2008;Stamboulis & Barlas, 2014), tough competition (Franke & Lüthje, 2004) and finally, lack of original ideas and perception of business opportunities (Franke & Luthje, 2003;Miller et al, 2009;Stamboulis & Barlas, 2014;Iakovleva et al, 2014;Pruett et al, 2009). Law and regulation constraints due to complexity or inconsistencies of the legal framework (Baughn & Neupert, 2003), time consuming registration procedures (Iakovleva et al, 2014), frequently changing or tough labor regulations are frequently perceived as barriers to entrepreneurship by students (Franke & Luthje, 2003;Franke & Lüthje, 2004;Ledyaeva et al, 2008) and actual entrepreneurs (Choo & Wong, 2006).…”

“…Law and regulation constraints due to complexity or inconsistencies of the legal framework (Baughn & Neupert, 2003), time consuming registration procedures (Iakovleva et al, 2014), frequently changing or tough labor regulations are frequently perceived as barriers to entrepreneurship by students (Franke & Luthje, 2003;Franke & Lüthje, 2004;Ledyaeva et al, 2008) and actual entrepreneurs (Choo & Wong, 2006). Bureaucracy, administrative burden and difficulties to comply with regulations are obstacles related with the affairs between individuals and state services (Finnerty & Krzystofik, 1985) which usually incorporate some frictions (Martins et al, 2004).…”