Comparison of Polyphenol Profile and Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Activities in Two Species Used as Source of Solidaginis herba – Goldenrod

Abstract

European Pharmacopoeia accepts two equivalent species Solidago canadensis L. and S. gigantea Aiton as goldenrod (Solidaginis herba). We compared phytochemical profile of both species from invasive populations in Poland. Further, we compared in vitro antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts from aerial (AP) and underground parts (UP). In S. gigantea, flavonoid profile was dominated by quercetin glycosides, with quercitrin as the major compound. In S. canadensis, quercetin and kaempferol rutinosides were two major constituents. Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) were less diverse with 5-CQA as a main compound. In UP, over 20 putative diterpenoids were detected, mostly unidentified. Several CQAs were present in higher amounts than in AP. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities were different between species and organs, with the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation by Et O and AcOEt fractions from AP of both species (IC 13.33 - 16.89 μg/mL) and BuOH fraction from S. gigantea UP (IC = 13.32 μg/mL). Chemical mutagenesis was completely inhibited by non-polar fractions, but oxidative mutagenesis was inhibited up to 35% only by S. canadensis. No clear relationship was found between chemical profiles and antimutagenic activity. In conclusion, both species have diverse activity and their phytochemical profiles should be considered in quality evaluation. UP of these weeds can also provide potential chemopreventive substances for further studies.

Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb. (Asteraceae) as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Polyphenols: HPLC Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

“…Most are herbaceous flowering plants which grow wild or are cultivated especially for ornamental purposes. Several species have been used in traditional medicine in many continents: Solidago virgaurea L. (European Goldenrod) in Europe and Asia, S. canadensis L. (Canadian Goldenrod) , S. gigantea Aiton (Giant Goldenrod) and S. odora Aiton in North America, S. chilensis Meyen in South America [1,2].…”

Solidago virgaurea L.: A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities

“…Extracts of S. virgaurea contain C6-C1 glycosides (virgaureoside, leiocarposide) and aglycones (vanillic acid, gallic acid) [4,9,[56][57][58], C6-C3 polyphenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, synapic, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, homovanilic, acids) [3,9,10,45,[53][54][55][56][57], a number of flavonoid molecules (mostly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, as well as the free aglycons and small amounts of cyanidin derivatives) [3,4,9,45,49,59,60,[63][64][65][66][67], oleanane-type triterpene saponins [9,[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75], essential oils containing and monoterpenes (alpha-and beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, sabinene) [35,[76][77][78][79] and sesquiterpenes (germacrene D β-caryophyllene, α-humulene,), clerodane-type diterpenes [80], polysaccharides [81], and polyacetylenes [82] (tab. 1).…”

“…Most of Solidago species are herbaceous flowering plants, which occur in the spontaneous flora or are cultivated as decorative plants [3]. Raw materials of goldenrods have a long and wide use history in the traditional medicine of different parts of the world: S. virgaurea L. (European goldenrod) is the most used in Europe and Asia; S. canadensis L. (Canadian goldenrod), S. gigantea Aiton (Giant goldenrod) and S. odora Aiton − in North America; S. chilensis Meyen − in South America [4,5]. According to the Flora Europaea, on the continent there are 5 representatives of the genus Solidago: S. virgaurea L., S. canadensis L., S. gigantea Aiton., S. altissima L. and S. graminifolia L.…”

“…The aerial parts of European goldenrod have been known and used for centuries as anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, and diuretic remedies in the traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases, especially as a urological agent in kidney and bladder inflammation, urolithiasis, and cystitis [3,4,[8][9][10][11][12]. According to the European Medicines Agency, S. virgaurea is one of the most used and studied species of the Solidago genus in Europe [9].…”

Chemical, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti-proliferative Features of the Essential Oil Extracted from the Invasive Plant Solidago canadensis L.

“…S. canadensis essential oil showed good free-radical scavenging activity (IC50= 7.82 mg/mL) but lower thean thymol (IC50= 1.31 mg/mL). Although there are numerous data on the antioxidant activity of different types of S. canadensis extracts [27,28], essential oil has not been analysed from this point of view.…”