Comparison of Population Aging in Europe and Asia Using a Time-Consistent and Comparative Aging Measure

Balachandran, Arun; Beer, Joop de; James, K. S.; Wissen, Leo van; Janssen, Fanny

doi:10.1177/0898264318824180

Cited by 54 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…How RLE15-and TTD<5 are calculated is explained in detail in, respectively, Sanderson and Scherbov [7] and Riffe and Brouard [22]. We do not consider Balachandran et al [8] adjustment of adult survival until the old-age threshold when calculating RLE15 because their time trend observations revealed virtually no difference to Sanderson and Scherbov's [7] RLE15 method.…”

Section: Alternative Elderly Dependency Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sanderson and Scherbov [7] devised the so-called prospective age approach in which the oldage threshold is based on the age at which the expected remaining life expectancy (RLE) equals 15 years (henceforth abbreviated as RLE15). Balachandran et al [8] further adjusted this measure to account for cross-country differences in the "exceptionality" of reaching RLE 15 by considering the adult survival ratio in benchmark country Japan when calculating the share of elderly, while Spijker and MacInnes [9] argued that only those in paid employment rather than everyone of "working age" (however defined) should be considered the population who pays for elderly health and wellbeing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combining remaining life expectancy and time-to-death as a measure of old-age dependency related to health care needs

Spijker¹

2020

Preprint

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The main motivation of the article is to make health care decision makers more aware of the dynamic nature of population aging and how, in the context of improving survival and economic booms and busts, common ways of measuring it do not reflect the real financial burden of an old-age population, especially with respect to health care. A fixed age threshold is conventionally used to separate the “elderly” from the “working-age population”, usually age 65, as this has been the age at retirement for many years before recent legislative changes raising this age in many industrial countries. One could question, however, how useful fixed age thresholds are in a context of a 5-year increase in the life expectancy at age 65 over the last 50 years. Likewise, not everyone of working-age is actually employed, although over time more and more women have entered the work force or economic downturns lead to the loss of millions of jobs. Ageing indicators therefore also require more appropriate denominators. In this paper, several alternative indicators of population aging are therefore put forward that could supplement standard measurements and applied to the US.One of the conclusions of the paper is that it appears incorrect to assume that population aging itself will strain US health and social care systems as increasing health care costs are also driven by progress in medical knowledge and technology, costs of hospitalization and the increasing use of long-term care facilities. Moreover, since 1970 economic output, and even tax revenue, increased much faster than the proportion elderly (even in terms of the standard definition, i.e. ages 65+), despite economic downturns producing temporal declines.

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Section: Alternative Elderly Dependency Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining remaining life expectancy and time-to-death as a measure of old-age dependency related to health care needs

Spijker¹

2020

Preprint

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“…In most countries the number of elderly persons and their percentage has been exponentially growing over the last few decades, and these trends are expected to accelerate in the coming ones. Population ageing will probably become the most important social change of this century (Balachandran, de Beer, James, van Wissen, and Janssen 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic changes in post-socialist countries in the period 1992-2017

Karmowska

2020

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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Demographic potential is one of the key determinants of regional development. On a global level, it is the balance of births and deaths that defines population change. However, on a regional level, migration balance needs to be considered as well. Another significant factor is the structure of population with regard to age and professional activity. This paper aims to assess the demographic changes in selected European and Central Asian countries over the 1992-2017 period and set these findings against changes in the standard of living measured by HDI and economic wellbeing measured by GDP per person employed. The regression function was applied to determine trends of the study variables, Webb's method was employed to assess demographic activity and multidimensional comparative analysis was used to construct a demographic index and create a ranking of objects. Among the countries researched, in 1992 only eight could be categorized as demographically active, and in 2017 this number went down to five. In comparison to 1992, the demographic potential of most of the study countries dropped by an average of 0.05.

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“…While the measure was successful in capturing the improvements in life expectancy across populations, it has limitations: (a) it wrongly assumes that the changes in life expectancy capture the changes in multiple dimensions of health and (b) it is based on the conditions in developed countries of the world. Setting the old-age threshold with a remaining life expectancy of 15 years was based on the experience of Europe, where the remaining life expectancy at age 65 in 1980 was indeed 15 years (Balachandran et al , in press). From this we can see that the existing measures of population ageing that try to capture multi-dimensional changes among older adults are either based on an abstract definition of old age as the population above age 60 or 65, or are based on the ideals from the developed world on what constitutes wellbeing, or sometimes both.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measure also takes a ‘progressive’ approach to measuring ageing, as proposed by Sanderson and Scherbov (2005, 2013). But it represents an improvement over the existing applications (Sanderson et al , 2016; Balachandran et al , 2017, in press) as it is sensitive to the conditions in developing countries. The methodology generates a multi-dimensional old-age threshold (MOAT).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-dimensional perspective on the gender gap in health among older adults in India and China: application of a new ageing measure

Balachandran

James

2019

Ageing and Society

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A continuous rise of female life expectancy above that of males among older adults in India and China may give the impression that the relative gender gap in health in these countries is decreasing. However, given the systemic gender bias against older females in these countries across multiple dimensions of health, a fuller understanding of the gender gap in health calls for a multi-dimensional perspective. We estimate a multi-dimensional old-age threshold (MOAT) that specifies different old-age thresholds for female and male populations which accommodates multiple dimensions related to physical, intellectual and general health. We use the MOAT to evaluate the multi-dimensional gender gap in India and China by differencing the MOAT for females with that of males. Females in both countries have a lower MOAT than their male counterparts, indicating an earlier advent of ‘old age’ for females. The multi-dimensional estimates of the gender gap are also higher than the estimates based on only one dimension of health. A considerable level of variation is also observed in the gender gap across provinces. The study illustrates the need to understand the gender gap in health in India and China from a multi-dimensional perspective and provides an innovative way to quantify such a gap. Province-specific as well as health dimension-specific interventions are vital in reducing the gender gap among older adults in these countries.

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Comparison of Population Aging in Europe and Asia Using a Time-Consistent and Comparative Aging Measure

Cited by 54 publications

References 37 publications

Combining remaining life expectancy and time-to-death as a measure of old-age dependency related to health care needs

Combining remaining life expectancy and time-to-death as a measure of old-age dependency related to health care needs

Demographic changes in post-socialist countries in the period 1992-2017

A multi-dimensional perspective on the gender gap in health among older adults in India and China: application of a new ageing measure

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