Comparison of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus provided by multivalent viral vaccines containing inactivated fractions of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral cause of reproductive disease, immune suppression and clinical disease in cattle. The objective of this study was to compare reproductive protection in cattle against the impacts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) provided by three different multivalent vaccines containing inactivated BVDV. BVDV negative beef heifers and cows (n = 122) were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Groups A-C (n = 34/group) received two pre-breeding doses of one of three commercially available multivalent vaccines containing inactivated fractions of BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, and Group D (n = 20) served as negative control and received two doses of saline prior to breeding. Animals were bred, and following pregnancy diagnosis, 110 cattle [Group A (n = 31); Group B (n = 32); Group C (n = 31); Group D (n = 16)] were subjected to a 28-day exposure to cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV (1a, 1b and 2a). Of the 110 pregnancies, 6 pregnancies resulted in fetal resorption with no material for testing. From the resultant 104 pregnancies, BVDV transplacental infections were demonstrated in 73 pregnancies. The BVDV fetal infection rate (FI) was calculated at 13/30 (43%) for Group A cows, 27/29 (93%) for Group B cows, 18/30 (60%) for Group C cows, and 15/15 (100%) for Group D cows. Statistical differences were observed between groups with respect to post-vaccination antibody titers, presence and duration of viremia in pregnant cattle, and fetal infection rates in offspring from BVDV-exposed cows. Group A vaccination resulted in significant protection against BVDV infection as compared to all other groups based upon outcome measurements, while Group B vaccination did not differ in protection against BVDV infection from control Group D. Ability of inactivated BVDV vaccines to provide protection against BVDV fetal infection varies significantly among commercially available products; however, in this challenge model, the inactivated vaccines provided unacceptable levels of BVDV FI protection.

Decrypting the Origin and Pathogenesis in Pregnant Ewes of a New Ovine Pestivirus Closely Related to Classical Swine Fever Virus

“…This may favor the prevalence of the virus in the field for long periods of time. Previous studies have shown that high neutralizing antibody response needs to be present at the moment of infection in order to avoid Pestivirus trans-placental transmission [43,44]. Accordingly, it is likely that OVPV fetal infection took place before the onset of the neutralizing antibody response.…”

Prevalence and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle

“…Several studies have measured the efficacy of BVDV vaccination to prevent BVD transmission and reduce its impact on productive and reproductive parameters. The efficacy of available KV varies significantly, something that is attributed to the strains chosen, inactivation techniques, antigen mass, and/or adjuvants used [ 4 ]. In Colombia, BVDV vaccines are inactivated and are sold in combination with other viral and bacterial antigens, including IBRV.…”

“…The negative effect of BVDV on herd fertility is expressed in longer calving intervals and lower first service conception rates [ 3 ]. All these characteristics and events have a significant influence on the monetary level of direct losses in cattle with this infectious condition [ 1 , 4 ]. In Colombia, no official programs exist to control BVDV, and therefore, application of practices to prevent and control the presence of this pathogen varies much and relies on the technical knowledge and the judgment of the producer.…”

Mosaic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antigens Elicit Cross-Protective Immunity in Calves

“…All the calves had BVDV later during the challenge, but the 293F-expressed antigen cocktail significantly (p<0.05) reduced viremia in calves compared to the Vira Shield TM 6 vaccine ( Figure 7B). The Vira Shield TM 6 vaccine, concurrent with previous reports (18,50), was unsuccessful in limiting viremia and therefore, the vaccinated calves had similar level of viremia as the negative control calves (Figure 7).…”