Comparison of residential power-frequency magnetic fields away from appliances in different countries

Swanson, John; Kaune, William T.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-186x(1999)20:4<244::aid-bem5>3.0.co;2-2

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The distribution is strikingly close to log normal, with a geometric mean of 0.032 µT, and a retransformed standard deviation of 0.031 µT. The mean phase I exposure level falls between the geometric mean levels of 0.029 and 0.037 µT, published previously for UK homes (Merchant et al, 1994a(Merchant et al, , 1994bPreece et al, 1996;Swanson and Kaune, 1999). The residential and school components of the total exposure have a similar distribution.…”

Section: Phase I Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 66%

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study: objectives, materials and methods

Doll

Roman

Day³

et al. 2000

Br J Cancer

133

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SummaryAn investigation into the possible causes of childhood cancer has been carried out throughout England, Scotland and Wales over the period [1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998]. All children known to be suffering from one or other type of the disease over periods of 4-5 years have been included, and control children matched for sex, age and area of residence have been selected at random from population registers. Information about both groups of children (with and without cancer) has been obtained from parental questionnaires, general practitioners' and hospital records, and from measurement of the extent of exposure to radon gas, terrestrial gamma radiation, and electric and magnetic fields. Samples of blood have also been obtained from the affected children and their parents and stored. Altogether 3838 children with cancer, including 1736 with leukaemia, and 7629 unaffected children have been studied. Detailed accounts are given of the nature of the information obtained in sections describing the general methodology of the study, the measurement of exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the classification of solid tumours and leukaemias, and the biological material available for genetic analysis.

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Section: Phase I Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 66%

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study: objectives, materials and methods

Doll

Roman

Day³

et al. 2000

Br J Cancer

133

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“…Thus, the main sources of human ELF-MF exposure occur both through background fields originating from distant high-voltage overhead and underground power distribution lines and power transmission lines, and also fields resulting from the use of electrical appliances and devices, regardless of whether it be in an occupational (high levels of exposure over a short duration) or residential environment (generally lower exposure over an extended period of time). (Swanson & Kaune, 1999).…”

Section: Naturally Occurring Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The background fields recorded in Australia were in general, comparable with the USA (50-60 nT) (Karipidis, 2015). There are, however, differences in background fields between the USA and the UK with background fields within the UK being approximately 1.5 to 1.9 times weaker than those that resonate in North America (Swanson & Kaune, 1999). The daily average background field in the USA was measured over a 24-hour period in eight individual studies as ranging from 47-99 nT (reviewed in Swanson & Kaune, (1999)).…”

Section: Measurements Of Background Fields Have Been Conducted In Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are, however, differences in background fields between the USA and the UK with background fields within the UK being approximately 1.5 to 1.9 times weaker than those that resonate in North America (Swanson & Kaune, 1999). The daily average background field in the USA was measured over a 24-hour period in eight individual studies as ranging from 47-99 nT (reviewed in Swanson & Kaune, (1999)). However, uncertainties relating to the measurements made within these studies prevented the formation of a single, unambiguous approximation, leaving the authors to estimate that backgrounds fields within the USA typically present a geometric mean (GM) within the range of 60-70 nT (Swanson & Kaune, 1999).…”

Section: Measurements Of Background Fields Have Been Conducted In Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The daily average background field in the USA was measured over a 24-hour period in eight individual studies as ranging from 47-99 nT (reviewed in Swanson & Kaune, (1999)). However, uncertainties relating to the measurements made within these studies prevented the formation of a single, unambiguous approximation, leaving the authors to estimate that backgrounds fields within the USA typically present a geometric mean (GM) within the range of 60-70 nT (Swanson & Kaune, 1999). However, in a study conducted by Zaffanella, (1992) which is considered the most representative study of background fields within the USA, spot measurements performed in the centre of most rooms in each home yielded a GM field of 56 nT with only 10% of residences registering background levels above 0.2 µT .…”

Section: Measurements Of Background Fields Have Been Conducted In Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on mutation induction in mice

Wilson

Haines

Sienkiewicz

et al. 2015

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutag

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Children's exposure to magnetic fields produced by U.S. television sets used for viewing programs and playing video games

Kaune¹,

Miller²,

Linet

et al. 2000

Bioelectromagnetics

Self Cite

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Two epidemiologic studies have reported increased risk of childhood leukemia associated with the length of time children watched television (TV) programs or played video games connected to TV sets. To evaluate magnetic field exposures resulting from these activities, the static, ELF, and VLF magnetic fields produced by 72 TV sets used by children to watch TV programs and 34 TV sets used to play video games were characterized in a field study conducted in Washington DC and its Maryland suburbs. The resulting TV‐specific magnetic field data were combined with information collected through questionnaires to estimate the magnetic field exposure levels associated with TV watching and video game playing. The geometric means of the ELF and VLF exposure levels so calculated were 0.0091 and 0.0016 μT, respectively, for children watching TV programs and 0.023 and 0.0038 μT, respectively, for children playing video games. Geometric means of ambient ELF and VLF levels with TV sets turned off were 0.10 and 0.0027 μT, respectively. Summed over the ELF frequency range (6–3066 Hz), the exposure levels were small compared to ambient levels. However, in restricted ELF frequency ranges (120 Hz and 606–3066 Hz) and in the VLF band, TV exposure levels were comparable to or larger than normal ambient levels. Even so, the strengths of the 120 Hz or 606–3066 Hz components of TV fields were small relative to the overall ambient levels. Consequently, our results provide little support for a linkage between childhood leukemia and exposure to the ELF magnetic fields produced by TV sets. Our results do suggest that any future research on possible health effects of magnetic fields from television sets might focus on the VLF electric and magnetic fields produced by TV sets because of their enhanced ability relative t o ELF fields to induce electric currents. Bioelectromagnetics 21:214–227, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Comparison of residential power-frequency magnetic fields away from appliances in different countries

Cited by 28 publications

References 25 publications

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study: objectives, materials and methods

The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study: objectives, materials and methods

The effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on mutation induction in mice

Children's exposure to magnetic fields produced by U.S. television sets used for viewing programs and playing video games

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