Comparison of RSSI-Based Indoor Localization for Smart Buildings with Internet of Things

Machine Learning Based Indoor Localization Using Wi-Fi RSSI Fingerprints: An Overview

“…Additionally, compared to other wireless standards, such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, LoRaWAN, RFID, and UWB [76], [77], Wi-Fi has a high bitrate and high scalability and is relatively less affected by external factors. Higher data transmission between devices provides more opportunities for improving the accuracy of localization [64], [78]. As a result, Wi-Fi, the most suitable and popular wireless standard, has become one of the most widely studied schemes in the indoor localization literature [79]- [81].…”

“…As a result, fingerprints are sometimes unreliable or incompatible [90], [91]. ( 6) Energy consumption varies because some Wi-Fi networks consume larger amounts of energy than other wireless systems [78]. (7) Data collection processes have a significant impact.…”

Internet of Things: Towards a Solid Ecosystem of Interconnected Things

“…The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of computational and sensor-equipped devices that are ready to be connected and work in an internet-connected workplace, and where web-based software has provided the software development industry more flexibility by allowing a software/database running on a server to respond to client requests from a variety of different operating systems, the Internet of Things has added even more diversity, since an IoT project necessitates the usage of diverse devices, systems, and databases that can be hosted on various platforms and operated from various locations [1]- [7]. A shipping company, for example, could have a cloud-based system on which employees from various branch offices can submit orders, as well as another cloud-based system that tracks the activity of its drivers who collect items from company clients using a Global Positioning System (GPS), and a local server at the main branch of the company that uses sensors and other devices and analytical capacities to keep track of some stocks and send out alerts if the stock of a certain material has gone low [8] [9] [10] [11] [12].…”

“…In addition to the technological diversity shown in the preceding example, IoT systems are often made up of smart systems, which add to the system's complexity, Because each network item is strengthened by the IoT System in such systems, which enables it to perform even more efficiently by going beyond its basic functions and benefiting from the System's layers, consequently, having such a network expands the organization's prospects while simultaneously raising the obstacles it faces and the system's success, because even a small sensor's activities can be analyzed by software on the Cloud dedicated to tracking its activities and filtering the data submitted from it based on some algorithms to determine whether the captured data is contributing to the project's mission or not, and whether the data is accurate or noisy [4] [9] [10] [11] [13] [14] [15]. As an example, having a watch dedicated to tracking a patient's pulse may entail doing numerous tasks, each of which necessitates accuracy, pattern recognition, and a quick response time, where the system may instruct the watch not to measure the patient's pulse if the patient is roaming outside on a sunny day with a temperature above 30 degrees Celsius because the system has learned from previous data submitted by other patients that the sun affects human blood pressure under these conditions, and thus the sensor will be sending data that does not serve the purpose for which the system was designed [9] [10] [12] [16] [17].…”

“…Therefore, from a system-wide perspective, end-users, particularly non-technical users, believe that IoT provides relatively smooth and practical services because it packages a mix of data, devices, and a variety of processes in the form of an email that the user receives in case of extreme climate events, for example, or in the form of a short message on a cell phone (SMS) that the parents of a patient receive in case their relative with a weak heart is exposed to any crisis, thanks to an application on the patient's watch measuring the patient's vital signs [9] [10] [16]. Meanwhile, from another perspective, a closer look will reveal the convergence between the individual's integration into society and the interaction among all edges of such technical systems.…”