Comparison of Sampling Methods for Monomer and Polyisocyanates of 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate During Spray Finishing Operations

England, Ellen C.; Key-Schwartz, Rosa; Lesage, Jacques; Carlton, Gary N.; Streicher, Robert P.; Song, Ruiguang

doi:10.1080/104732200301250

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…These concentrations are at least 2,000-fold less than the concentration of HDI present in aerosol droplets of autobody shop paints, which typically contain 1% HDI (~ 60 mM). Given that HDI aerosols have been shown to deposit in the airways of exposed workers, the concentrations of HDI used in the present studies are relevant to current common occupational exposures and possibly also to environmental exposures (16,17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hexamethylene diisocyanate exposure on human airway epithelial cells: in vitro cellular and molecular studies.

Wisnewski

Liu

Miller

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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In this study we developed an in vitro exposure model to investigate the effects of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) on human airway epithelial cells at the cellular and molecular level. We used immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) to visualize the binding and uptake of HDI by airway epithelial cell lines (A549 and NCI-NCI-H292) and microarray technology to identify HDI sensitive genes. By IFA, we observed that subcytotoxic concentrations of HDI form microscopic micelles that appear to be taken up by cells over a 3-hr period postexposure. Microarray analysis (4.6K genes) of parallel cultures identified four genes (thioredoxin reductase, dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, TG interacting factor, and stanniocalcin) whose mRNA levels were up-regulated after HDI exposure. Northern analysis was used to confirm that HDI increased message levels of these four genes and to further explore the dose dependence and kinetics of the response. The finding that HDI exposure increases thioredoxin reductase expression supports previous studies suggesting that HDI alters thiol-redox homeostasis, an important sensor of cellular stress. Another of the HDI-increased genes, a dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, encodes a protein previously shown to be specifically susceptible to HDI conjugation, and known to detoxify other hydrocarbons. Together, the data describe a novel approach for investigating the effects of HDI binding and uptake by human airway epithelial cells and begin to identify genes that may be involved in the acute response to exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of hexamethylene diisocyanate exposure on human airway epithelial cells: in vitro cellular and molecular studies.

Wisnewski

Liu

Miller

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Applications of this type are numerous in the occupational hygiene literature. Some recent references include England et al, (1) Rudzinski et al, (2) O'Brien et al, (3) Spicer and Gangloff, (4) Savely et al, (5) and Wellons et al (6) Some of these authors have used the t-test to compare the means of the log-transformed data. Spicer and Gangloff (4) consider an application of Spearman's rank correlation for checking the agreement between microbial data from two comparison zones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Statistical Methods for Establishing Equivalency of Several Sampling Devices

Krishnamoorthy

Mathew

2007

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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The problem of comparing several alternate sampling devices to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard, or the comparison of several sampling devices among themselves, is considered. A test based on the OSHA criterion that states that "90% of the readings of the sampling device should be within +/- 25% of the readings obtained by the standard" is developed. Type I error rates and powers of the test are studied using Monte Carlo simulation. The study indicates that the proposed test is quite satisfactory for applications. The method is illustrated using a simulated data set.

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“…(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) In the spray painting environment, monomeric and polymeric HDI are present in both aerosol and vapor phases. (19) Several sampling devices and analytical chemistry methods have been used for the measurement and analysis of monomeric and polymeric HDI present in both the aerosol and vapor phases. Some common sampling devices include a variety of cassettes with treated filters, such as Institute of Medicine (IOM) sampler, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Method 42 (OSHA42) sampler, and IsoChek sampler, as well as impingers or bubblers filled with absorbing solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Comparison of Air Sampling Methods for Monomeric and Polymeric 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate

Thomasen

Fent

Reeb-Whitaker

et al. 2011

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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This study was to critically compared 13 different air samplers for their ability to monitor air exposures to monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the automotive refinishing industry. Using both fast- and slow-drying clearcoat, we tested the following types of samplers: single- and dual-stage 37-mm polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) samplers (open- and closed-face), IOM (with plastic and stainless steel inserts), OSHA42, IsoChek, and WA-DOSH samplers. Midget impingers with frit were used as reference samplers. We observed the PP, PS, and IOM samplers to measure greater levels of HDI monomer and biuret when a fast-drying clearcoat was applied compared with a slow-drying clearcoat. When a slow-drying clearcoat was applied, the open-face PP and PS samplers measured significantly more monomeric and polymeric HDI (2-fold; p < 0.003) than the closed-face PP and PS samplers. We determined that significantly more monomeric and polymeric HDI were measured by impingers (1.3-1.9-fold) compared with single-stage PP/PS (N = 59), dual-stage PP/PS (N = 59), or IOM (N = 24) samplers. However, when stratified by cassette characteristics, the open-face single-stage PP and PS samplers performed equally to the impingers for HDI monomer when a fast-drying clearcoat was applied, and for all analytes when a slow-drying clearcoat was applied. Significantly higher HDI monomer concentrations (1.2-3.1-fold; p = 0.001) were measured with OSHA42 compared with the impinger. The IsoChek did not detect HDI monomer, and of the three samplers analyzed by laboratories other than UNC (i.e., OSHA42, IsoChek, and WA-DOSH), the WA-DOSH was in the best agreement with the impingers. The influence of clearcoat drying time on the sampler's ability to measure monomeric and polymeric HDI emphasizes the importance of the speciation of diisocyanates in chemical analysis and the careful consideration for the selection of the air sampler to be used when measuring exposures during automotive spray painting.

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Comparison of Sampling Methods for Monomer and Polyisocyanates of 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate During Spray Finishing Operations

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of hexamethylene diisocyanate exposure on human airway epithelial cells: in vitro cellular and molecular studies.

Effects of hexamethylene diisocyanate exposure on human airway epithelial cells: in vitro cellular and molecular studies.

Statistical Methods for Establishing Equivalency of Several Sampling Devices

Field Comparison of Air Sampling Methods for Monomeric and Polymeric 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate

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