Comparison of short nozzle and long nozzle spray in sinonasal drug delivery: a cadaveric study

Abstract

The aim of this study is to compare the delivery site of topical drugs using the short nozzle and the long nozzle. Fourteen fresh frozen cadaver heads were obtained. All cadaver specimens underwent bilateral endoscopic wide maxillary antrostomy, frontal sinusotomy, and complete sphenoethmoidectomy. The right nasal cavity of each cadaver was sprayed with radiolabeled saline using the short nozzle (short nozzle group), while the left nasal cavity was sprayed using the long nozzle (long nozzle group). The distribution of radioactive saline within the sinus cavities was determined using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. The distribution of the radiolabeled saline in reference with the maxillary line, vestibule, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinus was compared between the 2 groups using Fisher exact test. The number of specimens that demonstrated radioactivity above the maxillary line is higher in the long nozzle group (14 cadavers, 100%) compared to short nozzle group (9 cadavers, 64.3%; p = .02). There are fewer specimens that demonstrated deposition of radioactive saline in the vestibule in the long nozzle group (6 cadavers, 42.86%) compared to short nozzle group (13 cadavers, 92.86%; P = .006). Compared to short nozzle group, there are more specimens demonstrating radioactivity in the maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinus in the long nozzle group, but the differences were not statistically significant ( p = 0.241, 0.347, 0.126, 0.5). Compared to short nozzle, long nozzle more frequently delivers intranasal drugs beyond the maxillary line and less frequently in the vestibule. These findings support the hypothesis that the use of long and narrow nozzle, instead of the conventional short nozzle, can improve sinonasal drug delivery in post-endoscopic sinus surgery nose.

Prediction of transport, deposition, and resultant immune response of nasal spray vaccine droplets using a CFPD-HCD model in a 6-year-old upper airway geometry to potentially prevent COVID-19

“…Droplet size distribution was considered polydisperse ranging from 20 to 300 μm (Xi et al, 2021), and 40 different size bins (40,000 particles) were set to be injected. The spray nozzle diameter was 0.2 mm (Kapadia et al, 2019), and the insertion depth was 5 mm from the nostril. The spray nozzle was set to make an angle of 35° with the gravitational direction, assuming that the head-to-foot direction is aligned with gravity.…”

Prediction of Transport, Deposition, and Resultant Immune Response of Nasal Spray Vaccine Droplets using a CFPD-HCD Model in a 6-Year-Old Upper Airway Geometry to Potentially Prevent COVID-19

“…Droplet size distribution was considered polydisperse ranging from 20 μm to 300 μm (Xi, Lei et al 2021), and 40 different size bins (40,000 particles) were set to be injected. The spray nozzle diameter was 0.2 mm (Kapadia, Grullo et al 2019), and the insertion depth was 5 mm from the nostril. The spray nozzle was set to make an angle of 35° with the gravitational direction, assuming that the head-to-foot direction is aligned with gravity.…”