Comparison of the humoral and cellular immune responses between body and head lice following bacterial challenge

Kim, Ju Hyeon; Min, Jee Sun; Kang, Jae Soon; Kwon, Deok Ho; Yoon, Kyong Sup; Strycharz, Joseph P.; Koh, Young Ho; Pittendrigh, Barry R.; Clark, J. Marshall; Lee, Si Hyeock

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.01.011

Cited by 74 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These pathways, although highly conserved, are not present in all insects. For example, three hemimetabolous insects – the pea aphid, the body louse, and the kissing bug – lack specific components of the IMD pathway, such as Imd and Fadd (Gerardo et al, 2010; Kim et al, 2011; Mesquita et al, 2015). Interestingly, although neither Imd, Fadd, Dredd, Caspar, Ird5 nor Kenny are encoded in the genome of the kissing bug, Rhodnius prolixus , the Imd pathway of this insect remains active and inducible (Mesquita et al, 2015).…”

Section: Immune Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

Hillyer

2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

411

363

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Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.

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Section: Immune Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

Hillyer

2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

411

363

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“…Head and body lice have almost the same genomic content but are phenotypically different as a result of differential gene expression (Veracx and Raoult 2012). Lice have a unique life history by spending virtually all their life cycle either directly on or in close proximity to their human hosts (Kim et al 2011). However, they live in different ecological niches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of family ownerships, individual hygiene, and residential environments on the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of northwest of Iran

et al. 2015

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In the appraisal of head lice outbreak, in addition to socioeconomic factors and availability of health care services, environmental conditions of the households must be taken into account. However, interviewing with children or mailing questionnaires to families may not reflect the actualities. Therefore, in this study, all the inclusive factors which may be associated with head lice outbreak were thoroughly and closely investigated. The data were collected by examining students at schools and surveying patients' households. A questionnaire concerning children's personal hygienic practices, family features, and environmental conditions of the households was filled out during the close assessment of the residential area. The overall prevalence of head lice was obtained as 5.9%, and the difference was not significant within the urban (5.1%) and rural (6.1%) communities. Overall, the number of infested students was more frequent in girls (6.6%) than boys (2.8%), but the difference was not significant. The highest infestation rate was obtained in the examined students whose fathers were unemployed, farmer, and herdsman. Family income showed greater correlation with the prevalence of pediculosis capitis. A high frequency of pediculosis capitis was identified among the students who were sharing individual items with siblings. Assessment of households showed that room flooring material and keeping animals at home were highly correlated with head lice prevalence. Households should be informed that infestations happen, irrespective of socioeconomic status. However, the physical and environmental conditions of living areas and households play an important role in head lice prevention.

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“…NimC1 is also expressed in hemocytes, can bind E. coli, Serratia marcescens, Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus, and is involved in the phagocytosis of at least E. coli and S. aureus (Kurucz et al, 2007;Zsamboki et al, 2013). Members of this gene family have been identified in multiple insect orders, although their function has only been studied in detail in Drosophila (Ju et al, 2006;Kim et al, 2011;Somogyi et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%