Comparison of the percent free prostate-specific antigen levels in the serum of healthy men and in men with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy

Genomic Organization, Physical Mapping, and Expression Analysis of the Human Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 Gene

“…RT-PCR for actin and PSA (which exhibits tissue-restricted expression) were used as positive controls. The PSA gene was found to be highly expressed in the prostate, and to a lower extent in the mammary, thyroid, and salivary glands, as expected (28,29).…”

Expression analysis and clinical utility of L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) in prostate cancer

“…Improvements in its specificity, as attempted with the use of several calculated parameters, like % fPSA or additional markers, such as the hK2 or PSMA, did not resolve the problem. This low specificity of PSA prescribes for screening of more specific markers, capable of the discrimination between CaP and BPH [8][9][10][11]. L-Dopa decarboxylase has been proposed as a significant molecule for the neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation of prostate cancer cells [65,66].…”

“…Exon 1 of the AR (Xq11. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], encoding for the N-terminal transcriptionactivation region of the receptor, contains two microsatellite trinucleotide repeats, the upstream highly polymorphic CAG (coding for polyglutamine) and the downstream less polymorphic GGN (coding for polyglycine). Expansion of the (CAG)n length in the AR variants, decreases the transactivation function and the androgen-binding affinity of the receptor, and thus may protect the prostate from the development of the malignancy [69][70][71][72].…”

“…However, serum PSA concentration is non-specific for prostate cancer and could, also, be increased in other non-malignant prostate abnormalities, such as BPH, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), acute or chronic prostatitis, inflammation and trauma of the prostate gland [8,9]. Approximately 20% of CaP patients present with PSA concentrations lower than 4 ng/mL, while only about 30% of men with concentrations between 4 and 10 ng/mL, belonging to the so-called PSA "gray zone", will develop CaP [10,11]. Although several calculated parameters, such as PSA transition zone density, PSA velocity and agerelated PSA, as well as measurements of the rate of free PSA (fPSA) to total PSA (tPSA) corresponding to the percentage of free PSA (% fPSA), particularly in the tPSA "gray zone", have been recruited to improve PSA specificity, these have been only partially successful [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Polyadenylate Polymerase (PAP) and 3' End pre-mRNA Processing: Function, Assays, and Association with Disease

“…138 Dihydrotestosterone-induced PAP was inhibited by cordycepin, actinomycin-D, and cycloheximide, which indicates that the genetic transcription leading to the enzyme PAP is regulated by androgens in the ventral prostate, 138 and it may play a role in hormonal depended prostate cancer. [139][140][141][142][143] At least a twofold increase in the levels of PAP activity was found in soluble cytoplasmic extracts from the steroidsensitive human malignant T-cells of the MOLT3 line after 24-h treatment with dexamethasone. Longer exposure time of the cultured cells to the steroid resulted in a gradual decrease of the PAP activity level.…”