Comparison of the percentage of the C3-C7 vertebral canal occupied by the spinal cord in small-breed dogs with that in Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes with and without cervical spondylomyelopathy

Bonelli, Marília de Albuquerque; Costa, Ronaldo C. da

doi:10.2460/ajvr.79.1.83

Cited by 7 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…One study provided the normal heights of the spinal cord and canal in small to large dogs, but only the sagittal height was measured and the report did not investigate the cervical region ( 16 ). There was a comparative study between small-breed dogs and specific large-breed dogs, but it did not evaluate the entire cervical spine and was not a study in normal small-breed dogs ( 17 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

Lee

Seo²,

Yoon

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Cervical spinal disease is one of the most common neurological disorders in small-breed dogs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common test for dogs with cervical spinal diseases. However, there is no information on cervical spinal canal and cord using MRI in normal small-breed dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to perform analyses to establish morphologic MRI reference ranges of the cervical spinal canal and cord in normal small-breed dogs. Cervical MRI examinations were taken in 20 client-owned small dogs. The height, width, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the spinal canal and cord were measured on sagittal and transverse T2-weighted images at each vertebral body level and each intervertebral disk level from C1–C2 to C7 (a total of 12 levels). The height ratio, the width ratio, and the CSA ratio were calculated. The height, width, and CSA of the spinal canal and cord increased as the dog's weight increased (p < 0.01), except for that at C1–C2. However, there was no correlation between the body weight and height ratio and the width ratio and CSA ratio at all levels, except for that at C1–C2. Also, there was a negative correlation between the body weight and CSA ratio at C1–C2. There were no statistical differences for the CSA of the spinal canal, the CSA of the spinal cord, and the CSA ratio between nearby levels, except for that at C1–C2. There was no statistical difference between measurements at each same level of the sagittal and transverse images. The results of this study may provide basic and morphometric information for diagnosing and researching cervical spinal diseases in small-breed dogs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

Lee

Seo²,

Yoon

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Inferential statistics were performed with a free software. 4,5 Linear mixed models were created to compare static variables between VEP (cranial and caudal), among segments (C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7), between species (dog and cat), and among dynamic variables (IVD space width and ROM) for the four loading positions (neutral, flexion, extension, and lateral bending) and segments. The Akaike information criterion was used for model selection.…”

Section: Data Analysis and Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although not completely clarified, an increased mobility transmitted by the articular facets and a relatively narrow spinal canal combined with a degenerated protruding intervertebral disc (IVD) have been identified as key factors for the development of CSM (1,3). However, the relative stenosis of the vertebral canal has been questioned in a more recent work (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, this particular breed has been overrepresented in many studies focusing on elucidating the pathogenesis of CSM (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Specific morphometric parameters (e.g., IVD height, vertebral canal size, and foraminal size) of the cervical spine of the Doberman Pinscher have been investigated to obtain further insight into the pathogenesis of CSM (4,7,10,11). Moreover, some of these morphometric characteristics have been compared between disease-free and CSM-affected Doberman Pinschers (5,9,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, some of these morphometric characteristics have been compared between disease-free and CSM-affected Doberman Pinschers (5,9,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). However, no clear difference in terms of morphometric parameters has been identified thus far (4,5,10). These inconclusive findings triggered a renovated research enthusiasm on investigating which morphometric parameter may contribute to CMS etiology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ex vivo Evaluation of the Dynamic Morphometry of the Caudal Cervical Intervertebral Disc Spaces of Small Dogs and Cats

2021

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The objective of this study was to provide a morphometric description of the caudal cervical intervertebral disc (IVD) spaces of small-breed dogs and cats. Specimens consisting of C4 through C7 from five small-breed dogs and six cats were positioned in neutral, flexion, extension, and lateral bending positions; and CT images were acquired. Height and width of the cranial and caudal vertebral endplates (VEPs), angle between the VEPs (IVD wedge angle), and craniocaudal distance (IVD width) between VEPs for the four loading positions were measured and compared for three segments (C4–C5, C5–C6, and C6–C7). VEP size normalized to body weight from medium-sized dogs was retrieved from a previous study and compared with data from small dogs and cats. A linear mixed model was used to compare outcome measures. Significance was set to p < 0.05. VEP size normalized to body weight was the largest in small dogs compared with cats (p = 0.0422) and medium-sized dogs (p = 0.0064). Cats and medium-sized dogs were similar (p = 0.2763) in this regard. Flexion and extension induced a reduction of IVD width in the ventral portion of the IVD and the area of the nucleus. The dorsal part of the IVD remained unchanged throughout loading conditions. Unique morphometric characteristics of the caudal cervical IVD space of small dogs and cats were detected that are different from those described in sizes of dogs (medium-sized) typically affected by caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM). These findings may help to understand the different pathomechanisms in cervical spinal disease between small- and medium-sized dogs, including caudal CSM.

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The spinal cord-to-vertebral canal area ratio measured with computed tomography is lower in the thoracolumbar than the cervical region in French Bulldogs

Silva

Genain

Khan

et al. 2022

javma

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OBJECTIVE To compare spinal cord-to-vertebral canal area ratios measured with CT between the cervical and thoracolumbar regions in French Bulldogs. ANIMALS 37 French Bulldogs presented to a referral hospital between 2016 and 2019. PROCEDURES The study was conducted as a retrospective observational study. Exclusion criteria were evidence of vertebral malformations or spinal cord compression at the sites where measurements were obtained and the presence of cervicothoracic or thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae or neurologic deficits. CT images were reviewed, and measurements were performed by 2 investigators. Measurements of the spinal cord and vertebral canal were made at the level of or immediately cranial to the midbodies of C5 and L1. RESULTS A 2-tailed, paired t test indicated that the mean spinal cord-to-vertebral canal area ratio differed significantly (P < .01) between C5 (0.726) and L1 (0.605). The ratio was lower in the thoracolumbar region, suggesting that the vertebral canal was relatively larger in this region. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The epidural space did not appear to be larger in the cervical than in the thoracolumbar region in this population of French Bulldogs, contrary to previous reports. The reason for the more severe deficits observed with thoracolumbar disk extrusion in this breed remains to be characterized.

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Comparison of the percentage of the C3-C7 vertebral canal occupied by the spinal cord in small-breed dogs with that in Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes with and without cervical spondylomyelopathy

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Cervical Spinal Canal and Cord in Normal Small-Breed Dogs

Ex vivo Evaluation of the Dynamic Morphometry of the Caudal Cervical Intervertebral Disc Spaces of Small Dogs and Cats

The spinal cord-to-vertebral canal area ratio measured with computed tomography is lower in the thoracolumbar than the cervical region in French Bulldogs

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