Comparison of the Precipitation of Alfalfa Leaf Protein and Bovine Serum Albumin by Tannins in the Radial Diffusion Method

Giner‐Chavez, B I; Soest, P.J. Van; Robertson, James B.; Lascano, Carlos E.; Pell, Alice N.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199708)74:4<513::aid-jsfa825>3.0.co;2-b

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The authors concluded that measures of 'biological tannin activity' based on this particular BSA precipitation assay might not reflect the ability of tannins to precipitate plant proteins from herbivore diets. 251 Another point to remember is that complexation between tannins and proteins can lead to both soluble and insoluble complexes. 93,252,253 Soluble complexes are likely to be washed out of the rumen more quickly than insoluble complexes, 248 and therefore both types of complex formation will be relevant to animal nutrition, but only insoluble complexes will be estimated in an assay based on protein precipitation.…”

Section: Protein Precipitation Assayssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Walp., G. sepium and Manihot esculenta Crantz) precipitated different amounts of BSA compared with alfalfa leaf protein in a radial diffusion assay which had been modified to mimic rumen conditions (pH 6.8, 39 • C). 251 In the same assay, quebracho tannins and tannic acid precipitated BSA but not alfalfa leaf protein. The authors concluded that measures of 'biological tannin activity' based on this particular BSA precipitation assay might not reflect the ability of tannins to precipitate plant proteins from herbivore diets.…”

Section: Protein Precipitation Assaysmentioning

confidence: 68%

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Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health

2006

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This paper examines the nutritional and veterinary effects of tannins on ruminants and makes some comparisons with non-ruminants. Tannin chemistry per se is not covered and readers are referred to several excellent reviews instead: (a) Okuda T et al. Heterocycles 30:1195-1218 (1990); (b) Ferreira D and Slade D. Nat Prod Rep 19:517-541 (2002); (c) Yoshida T et al. In Studies in Natural Product Chemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 395-453 (2000); (d) Khanbabaee K and van Ree T. Nat Prod Rep 18:641-649 (2001); (e) Okuda et al. Phytochemistry 55:513-529 (2000). The effects of tannins on rumen micro-organisms are also not reviewed, as these have been addressed by others: (a) McSweeney CS et al. Anim Feed Sci Technol 91:83-93 (2001); (b) Smith AH and Mackie RI. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1104-1115 (2004). This paper deals first with the nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds, their qualitative and quantitative diversity, and the implications of tannin-protein complexation. It then summarises the known physiological and harmful effects and discusses the equivocal evidence of the bioavailability of tannins. Issues concerning tannin metabolism and systemic effects are also considered.Opportunities are presented on how to treat feeds with high tannin contents, and some lesser-known but successful feeding strategies are highlighted. Recent research has explored the use of tannins for preventing animal deaths from bloat, for reducing intestinal parasites and for lowering gaseous ammonia and methane emissions. Finally, several tannin assays and a hypothesis are discussed that merit further investigation in order to assess their suitability for predicting animal responses. The aim is to provoke discussion and spur readers into new approaches. An attempt is made to synthesise the emerging information for relating tannin structures with their activities. Although many plants with high levels of tannins produce negative effects and require treatments, others are very useful animal feeds. Our ability to predict whether tannin-containing feeds confer positive or negative effects will depend on interdisciplinary research between animal nutritionists and plant chemists. The elucidation of tannin structure-activity relationships presents exciting opportunities for future feeding strategies that will benefit ruminants and the environment within the contexts of extensive, semi-intensive and some intensive agricultural systems.

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Section: Protein Precipitation Assayssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Protein Precipitation Assaysmentioning

confidence: 68%

Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health

2006

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“…However, this method does not directly measure CT concentration, making direct comparisons with our study impossible. Furthermore, BSA precipitation may not always accurately index precipitation of plant proteins (Giner-Chavez et al 1997). Addition of known amounts of quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) CT in alfalfa pellets fed to mule deer yielded a 2.4% reduction in protein digestibility for every 1% increase in CT concentration (extrapolated from Hagerman et al 1992, fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condensed Tannins' Effect on White‐Tailed Deer Forage Digestibility in Mississippi

Jones

Rude

Muir³

et al. 2010

J Wildl Manag

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: Condensed tannins (CT) can reduce digestibility of forages for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), potentially confounding estimates of diet quality and nutritional carrying capacity. We collected 143 spring and 142 summer samples of 8 important deer forage species from 22 properties in Mississippi, USA, and tested for CT content using a modified butanol‐HCl assay. Three species (partridge pea [Chamaecrista fasciculata], southern dewberry [Rubus trivialis], and roundleaf greenbrier [Smilax rotundifolia]) contained CT, ranging from 0.11% to 6.46% dry weight. Summer CT concentration was greater than in spring for 2 species. We ranked soil samples from least to most fertile using 8 chemical characteristics and found a positive correlation between fertility and CT concentration for 1 species and no correlation for 2 species. We tested effects of CT concentration on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and in vitro protein digestibility using samples of partridge pea and roundleaf greenbrier and rumen fluid from 3 free‐ranging deer. Average IVDMD was reduced 1.9% for each 1% increase in CT concentration. In vitro protein digestibility was reduced 2.5% for each 1% increase in CT concentration. Assuming that our methods reflect the effects of CT on in vivo digestibility, maximum loss of available crude protein (CP) in our samples was 3.0 g/100 g dry‐weight forage, and only 13 of the 112 CT‐containing forage samples (12%) would have decreased available CP by >1 g/100 g dry‐weight forage. Deer consuming equal portions of sampled forages would lose <1% of dietary CP to CT. Comparisons of foraging area quality using crude protein estimates should be unaffected by CT under reasonable restrictions of similar habitat types, soil fertility, and time. Given the ability of deer to forage selectively and the abundance of alternative forages in Mississippi, the potential for CT to substantially affect spring or summer diet quality of deer appears minimal.

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“…Protein precipitation capacity The biological activity of extractable tannins was determined by the radial diffusion method with bovine serum albumin-containing gels as described by Hagerman (1987) and modified by Giner-Chavez et al (1997).…”

Section: Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep

Getachew¹,

Pittroff

DePeters

et al. 2008

Animal

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Alfalfa protein is poorly utilised by ruminants due to its rapid degradation in rumen. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of spraying tannic acid (TA) on chopped alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and nitrogen (N) retention by sheep. Alfalfa hay with and without TA was fed to sheep to determine nutrient digestibility and N balance. TA was sprayed on chopped alfalfa at three concentrations to determine its effect on in vitro fermentation of dry matter (DM) and N balance in sheep. Final TA concentrations were 0, 30, 60 and 90 g TA per kg DM. The control was sprayed with the same amount of water but without TA. In vitro DM degradation and the production of gas, ammonium-N (NH 4 -N) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) were measured. TA-sprayed alfalfa and the control were fed to sheep to determine nutrient digestibility and N retention. Addition of TA had no influence on the extent and rate of gas production but significantly decreased NH 4 -N concentration at 30 (P , 0.05), 60 and 90 (P , 0.0001) g/kg DM. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to TA-sprayed alfalfa increased NH 4 -N to a level comparable to non-TA-sprayed alfalfa. Spraying of alfalfa with TA significantly decreased (P , 0.05) isovalerate but did not affect the total and individual SCFA acid production. Tannic acid significantly (P , 0.05) reduced in vitro true degradability of DM (IVTD) after 24 h incubation at levels of 60 and 90 g TA per kg DM. Neutral-detergent fibre digestibility (dNDF) after 24 h (P , 0.01), 60 and 90 (P , 0.0001) g TA per kg DM. The effect of TA on either IVTD or dNDF was not significant (P . 0.05) after 48 h of incubation. There was a strong linear relationship between percentage increase in gas production due to PEG and protein precipitation capacity (R 2 5 0.94). N digestibility was significantly reduced with all three levels of TA additions. However, the proportion of urine-N to total N output was reduced by adding 60 g (P , 0.05) and 90 g (P , 0.01) TA per kg DM. Serum metabolites and liver enzymes were not affected by TA (P . 0.05). Higher faecal N as the TA level increased indicates incomplete dissociation of tannin-protein complexes post ruminally. Factors affecting dissociation of tannin-protein complexes need further study.

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Comparison of the Precipitation of Alfalfa Leaf Protein and Bovine Serum Albumin by Tannins in the Radial Diffusion Method

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health

Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health

Condensed Tannins' Effect on White‐Tailed Deer Forage Digestibility in Mississippi

Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep

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