Comparison of the structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Noh, Hyung Joo; Youn, Sungjune; Yoon, Chong Seung; Sun, Yang Kook

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.063

Cited by 1,883 publications

(1,475 citation statements)

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“…[93][94][95] In particular, Ni-rich NMC cathodes (LiNi x Mn y Co 1ÀxÀy O 2 where x > 0.6) with reversible capacities >200 mAh/g show great promise for increasing the energy density in Li-ion cells and are likely to replace lower capacity chemistries for the next generation of electric vehicles. 96,97 Nonetheless, several outstanding challenges with Ni-rich NMCs must be addressed. High-voltage cycling (>4.4 V) will be required to achieve a cell-level energy density>250 Wh/kg, even if the NMC cathode is paired with an advanced anode such as silicon-graphite composites.…”

Section: High-voltage Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ruther

et al. 2017

JOM

232

136

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Reducing cost and increasing energy density are two barriers for widespread application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Although the cost of electric vehicle batteries has been reduced by $70% from 2008 to 2015, the current battery pack cost ($268/kWh in 2015) is still >2 times what the USABC targets ($125/kWh). Even though many advancements in cell chemistry have been realized since the lithium-ion battery was first commercialized in 1991, few major breakthroughs have occurred in the past decade. Therefore, future cost reduction will rely on cell manufacturing and broader market acceptance. This article discusses three major aspects for cost reduction: (1) quality control to minimize scrap rate in cell manufacturing; (2) novel electrode processing and engineering to reduce processing cost and increase energy density and throughputs; and (3) material development and optimization for lithium-ion batteries with high-energy density. Insights on increasing energy and power densities of lithium-ion batteries are also addressed.

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Section: High-voltage Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…M is typically a transition metal such as Mn, Ni, or Co. Capacity and average voltage for different layered oxide cathodes (b). 92,97,111 conductivity. The most simplistic approach to this is achieved by mixing small quantities of Si nanoparticles with graphite electrodes.…”

Section: High-voltage Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ruther

et al. 2017

JOM

232

136

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“…The increase in practical capacity roughly scales with the Ni content, but comes at the expense of cycle life and thermal stability at high states-of-charge (SOC). 6 To circumvent these problems, several different strategies have been utilized to improve cycling, particularly to higher potentials. These include partial substitution with Ti [7][8][9] or Zr, 10 engineering the micro-or nano-structure to reduce surface Ni content using metal segregation, 11 surface pillared structures, 12 and concentration gradients, 13 coating particle surfaces, 14 and development of electrolyte additives.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth-Dependent Redox Behavior of LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂

Tian

Nordlund

Xin

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

144

125

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Nickel-rich layered materials are emerging as cathodes of choice for next-generation high energy density lithium ion batteries intended for electric vehicles. This is because of their higher practical capacities compared to compositions with lower Ni content, as well as the potential for lower raw materials cost. The higher practical capacity of these materials comes at the expense of shorter cycle life, however, due to undesirable structure and chemical transformations, especially at particle surfaces. To understand these changes more fully, the charge compensation mechanism and bulk and surface structural changes of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 were probed using synchrotron techniques and electron energy loss spectroscopy in this study. In the bulk, both the crystal and electronic structure changes are reversible upon cycling to high voltages, whereas particle surfaces undergo significant reduction and structural reconstruction. While Ni is the major contributor to charge compensation, Co and O (through transition metal-oxygen hybridization) are also redox active. An important finding from depth-dependent transition metal L-edge and O K-edge X-ray spectroscopy is that oxygen redox activity exhibits depth-dependent characteristics. This likely drives the structural and chemical transformations observed at particle surfaces in Ni-rich materials. The need for lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density and lower cost than currently available, particularly for transport applications, has led to intensified interest in Ni-rich NMC (LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 ; x+y+z≈1, where x>y) cathode materials.1-5 These materials deliver higher practical capacities in a typically used voltage range than NMCs with lower Ni content (e.g., LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 or NMC-333), and most formulations contain less of the expensive Co component, reducing raw material costs. The increase in practical capacity roughly scales with the Ni content, but comes at the expense of cycle life and thermal stability at high states-of-charge (SOC). 6 To circumvent these problems, several different strategies have been utilized to improve cycling, particularly to higher potentials. These include partial substitution with Ti 7-9 or Zr, 10 engineering the micro-or nano-structure to reduce surface Ni content using metal segregation, 11 surface pillared structures, 12 and concentration gradients, 13 coating particle surfaces, 14 and development of electrolyte additives. 15,16 While all of these approaches have resulted in improvements, further understanding of the factors that lead to capacity fading is clearly needed in order to meet the stringent performance requirements of traction applications.The formation of a resistive cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI), such as an electrolyte decomposition layer, has been observed during cycling of LiNi 0. 20 In the study of NMC-532, it was found that surface reconstruction to a rock salt phase dominates when high voltage (4.8 V) cutoffs are used due to oxygen loss under the highly oxidizing conditions, while ...

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“…12,13 The high capacity arises because Ni is the main redoxactive species in the NMC host structure. 14 While Ni-rich cathodes could reach an energy density that exceeds 700 Wh/kg, undesirable side-reactions like electrolyte oxidation 15 and cathode surface reconstruction 16,17 have been identified as major causes of capacity loss, due to the high reactivity of Ni 4+ .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting the Best Graphite for Long-Life, High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries

Mao

Wood

David

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Most lithium-ion batteries still rely on intercalation-type graphite materials for anodes, so it is important to consider their role in full cells for applications in electric vehicles. Here, we systematically evaluate the chemical and physical properties of six commerciallyavailable natural and synthetic graphites to establish which factors have the greatest impact on the cycling stability of full cells with nickel-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathodes. Electrochemical data and post-mortem characterization explain the origin of capacity fade. The NMC811 cathode shows large irreversible capacity loss and impedance growth, accounting for much of full cell degradation. However, six graphite anodes demonstrate significant differences with respect to structural change, surface area, impedance growth, and SEI chemistry, which impact overall capacity retention. We found long cycle life correlated most strongly with stable graphite crystallite size. In addition, graphites with lower surface area generally had higher coulombic efficiencies during formation cycles, which led to more stable long-term cycling. The best graphite screened here enables a capacity retention around 90% in full pouch cells over extensive long-term cycling compared to only 82% for cells with the lowest performing graphite. The results show that optimal graphite selection improves cycling stability of high energy lithium-ion cells. With the booming demands for electric vehicles and electronic devices, high energy density lithium-ion batteries with long cycle life are highly desired. Despite the recent progress in Si 1 and Li metal 2 as future anode materials, graphite still remains the active material of choice for the negative electrode. 3,4 Lithium ions can be intercalated into graphite sheets at various stages like Li x C 12 and Li x C 6 , providing a high specific capacity of 372 mAh/g (∼2.5 times higher than LiCoO 2 ) and high volumetric capacity (similar to LiCoO 2 ) corresponding to LiC 6 . 5,6 In addition to its low cost and non-toxicity, graphite has a lowest average voltage (150 mV vs. Li/Li + ) and the flat voltage profile, rendering a high overall cell voltage. 7 Graphite also displays a very low voltage hysteresis, which in turn results in high energy efficiency. 8 For applications in lithium-ion batteries, many properties of the graphite powders must be optimized including crystallinity, particle size, morphology, and surface chemistry. However, most research effort has been placed on the development and characterization of high performance cathodes, while the impact of the graphite anode on full cell performance has been largely unexplored.Compared to widely used battery cathodes such as LiCoO 2 (140 mAh/g), LiFePO 4 (160 mAh/g), LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (160 mAh/g), and LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 (175 mAh/g), 9-11 nickel-rich LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) is delivers a higher specific capacity (180-220 mAh/g), which increases the battery life on a single charge. 12,13 The high capacity arises because Ni is the main red...

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Comparison of the structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 1,883 publications

References 35 publications

Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Depth-Dependent Redox Behavior of LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂

Selecting the Best Graphite for Long-Life, High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries

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Comparison of the structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 1,883 publications

References 35 publications

Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Depth-Dependent Redox Behavior of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2

Selecting the Best Graphite for Long-Life, High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries

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Product

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Depth-Dependent Redox Behavior of LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂