Comparison of Three Intraoperative Patient Warming Systems

Franklin, M.; Rochat, Mark C.; Payton, Mark E.; Broaddus, Kristyn D.; Bartels, Kenneth E.

doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-5650

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Preoperative laboratory data were obtained according to availability. The perioperative variables evaluated included duration of surgery, duration of anaesthesia, incidence of hypothermia (<37.8 °C) (Franklin et al ) or hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure <60 mmHg or systolic arterial blood pressure <80 mmHg) (Gaynor et al ), method of muscle excision, type of skin closure utilized and use of a wound soaker catheter. The postoperative variables evaluated included duration of hospital stay, antibiotic use and presence of a complication noted during hospitalization and at the time of recheck.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term wound complications and predictive variables for complication after limb amputation in dogs and cats

Raske

McClaran

Mariano

2015

J of Small Animal Practice

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term wound complications and predictive variables for complication after limb amputation in dogs and cats

Raske

McClaran

Mariano

2015

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…6,7 Numerous active and passive warming methods for cats and dogs are supported by research and used clinically, including warm water blankets, reflective blankets, forced warm air blankets and full-body bubble wrap. [11][12][13][14][15] In one study, warming dogs' extremities maintained core body temperature more effectively than truncal warming alone. 16 Passive insulation of the periphery and trunk of cats with bubble wrap and a plastic barrier decreased temperature loss and recovery time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of peripheral active warming and passive insulation on core body temperature during feline ovariohysterectomy: a multi-arm randomized clinical trial

Kreisler

MacDonald

Mensing

et al. 2023

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives Hypothermia is a common complication of anesthesia, particularly in cats. Some veterinarians insulate the extremities of cats as a preventive measure, and there is evidence that heating the extremities of dogs decreases the rate of heat loss from the core. This study investigated whether active warming or passive insulation of the extremities of cats resulted in a slower decrease in rectal temperature during anesthesia. Methods Female cats were assigned via block randomization to passive (cotton toddler socks), active (heated toddler socks) or control group (uncovered extremities). Rectal temperature was monitored every 5 mins from induction through return to trap/carrier (final temperature). Multivariable linear regression models were used to compare temperature (rate change and final) between groups. Results There were 164 cats with 1757 temperature readings. Mean total duration of anesthesia was 53 ± 13 mins. The temperature of all groups decreased linearly over time (all P <0.0001), with the rates of temperature decrease being −0.039°F/min (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.043 to −0.035)/−0.022°C (95% CI −0.024 to −0.019), −0.039°F/min (95% CI −0.042 to −0.035)/−0.022°C (95% CI −0.023 to −0.019) and −0.029°F/min (95% CI −0.032 to −0.025)/−0.016°C (95% CI −0.018 to −0.014) for the control, passive and active groups, respectively. The control, passive and active groups had median final temperatures of 98.4°F (interquartile range [IQR] 97.6−99.4)/36.9°C (IQR 36.4−37.4), 98.0°F (IQR 97.2–98.7)/36.7°C (IQR 36.2–37.1) and 99.1°F (IQR 97.7–100.0)/37.3°C (IQR 36.5–37.8), respectively. After controlling for weight, postinduction temperature and duration of anesthesia, and as compared with controls, the final temperature of the active group was predicted to be 0.54°F (95% CI 0.03–1.01)/0.3°C (95% CI 0.02–0.56) greater ( P = 0.023), while the passive group was not significantly different ( P = 0.130). Conclusions and relevance The rate of rectal temperature decrease was significantly slower for the active group compared with the other groups. Although the cumulative difference in final temperature reading was modest, superior materials might enhance performance. Cotton toddler socks alone did not slow the rate of temperature decrease.

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“…[11][12][13] Identification of the negative outcomes associated with PIH has resulted in an emphasis on its prevention in human and veterinary surgical care through both raised environmental temperatures in surgical and induction areas 4,12 and active patient warming measures. 14 However, patient warming equipment may not represent a financial priority in primary care or shelter practice, and manpower for both temperature monitoring and individualised patient warming measures may be lacking. Maintaining higher environmental temperatures may be challenging to implement when induction and surgical areas are multiuse in nature.…”

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confidence: 99%

Incidence of perioperative hypothermia in a high-quality high-volume spay/neuter setting and association with environmental temperature

Rodríguez-Díaz

Hayes

Appel

et al. 2023

JSMCAH

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Introduction: Perioperative inadvertent hypothermia (PIH) can prolong anesthetic recovery times. Study goals included determining PIH incidence (rectal temperature<36°C (96.8°F)) in the high-quality high-volume spay/neuter (HQHVSN) setting and evaluating associations between environmental temperature and PIH incidence. Secondary objectives included evaluating associations between PIH incidence, anesthesia recovery times, and postoperative pain. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study conducted at five HQHVSN shelters enrolling dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy or castration and cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Blankets and electric heating pads were only used routinely in the immediate postoperative period. Regression models were used to evaluate associations between PIH incidence, environmental temperature, and pain data. Results: One hundred and forty dogs undergoing 65 castrations and 75 ovariohysterectomies, and 161 cats were enrolled. Mean surgical times were 19.6 (8.0) min (canine ovariohysterectomies), 7.2 (3.0) min (canine castrations), and 10.6 (3.6) min (feline ovariohysterectomies). PIH incidence was 22% (95% CI = 17–27). The risk of developing PIH was associated with environmental temperature, with a 22% increase in the odds of experiencing PIH for each degree centigrade decrease in environmental temperature (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.03–1.44, P = 0.02) over a recorded range of 15.6–26.1°C (60.1–79.0°F). In cats, PIH was associated with a prolongation of time to extubation by 3.8 min (95% CI 2.27–5.37, P = 0.01). On average, each degree centigrade reduction in rectal temperature at extubation was associated with an increase in pain scale of 0.51 units (95% CI = 0.06–0.97, P = 0.03) for both species. In dogs, each degree centigrade reduction in rectal temperature at extubation was associated with a reduction in mechanical threshold (indicating increased sensitivity to pain) of 1.40 N (95% CI = 0.44–2.35, P = 0.004). Conclusion: PIH is common in a spay/neuter population despite rapid surgical times and is associated with prolonged anesthetic recovery in cats and increased postoperative pain in cats and dogs. Raising the environmental temperature in operative and recovery areas may reduce incidence.

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Comparison of Three Intraoperative Patient Warming Systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Short‐term wound complications and predictive variables for complication after limb amputation in dogs and cats

Short‐term wound complications and predictive variables for complication after limb amputation in dogs and cats

Effects of peripheral active warming and passive insulation on core body temperature during feline ovariohysterectomy: a multi-arm randomized clinical trial

Incidence of perioperative hypothermia in a high-quality high-volume spay/neuter setting and association with environmental temperature

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